WGU C431 Quiz 1 questions and correct answers 2022

WGU C431 Quiz 1 questions and correct answers 2022When the subjects in a study are not representative of the population, this is a limitation referred to as ___. sampling bias ___ is when the determination of whether to publish a study is based on factors other than the quality of the research and the relevance of its findings. publication bias observational study that is large in size and longitudinal in duration. The groups in the study are determined by a given exposure, characteristic, or risk factor. Cohort study prospective study in which patients are moved from one group to another. They are in the control group for a period of time and then be moved to one or more treatment groups. Subjects remain in each group long enough to determine the effect of the given treatment. Cross-over study ___ a research procedure in which all prior studies on a given topic are brought together and analyzed collectively. Systematic review study in which the allocation of patients to treatment or control groups is random and concealed. At least one control group must be utilized. Preferably patients, as well as providers, are not informed (blinded) regarding which intervention patients receive. Randomized control trial Researchers strive to remain unbiased, honest, and precise when making decisions regarding the planning, conducting, and reporting of a quantitative and qualitative study. The previous statement defines Objectivity Identify the characteristic of research design that relates to the degree to which the outcomes of the study can be attributed to the interventions. External validity What variables interfere with the intended purpose of the investigation by introducing error to the study? Extraneous variable Intervening variable What is the procedure called for assigning subjects to intervention groups (placebo group, control group, experimental group. External validity Identify the type of evidence that combines the statistically analyses of multiple independently conducted studies. Meta-analysis A power analysis is calculated to Ensure the sample size was large enough to detect differences in the treatment and comparison group after data collection In a statistical power calculation, it is the expected amount of effect that is considered a minimal clinically meaningful difference. effect size The range in which the true parameter can be found, within a given percentage likelihood. confidence interval The probability of a Type I error, selected during the design of the research. It represents the researchers' risk of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (of saying there is a difference when in fact there is not). alpha The value produced by a statistical test. test statistic The risk of a Type I error when a test of equality is performed. If equality is tested the researchers assume that either group could turn out to be superior and, therefore, divide alpha across both sides of the distribution. alpha halves The probability that the test statistic represents normal variation. p-value .A type of Chi-square test that can test if the sample distribution fits with a theoretical distribution. Such tests are often employed in making comparisons between groups with regard to demographic factors such as the age distribution of the sample compared to the population and compared to the control group. goodness-of-fit test Also known as the dependent-samples t-test, this parametric statistical test is used to determine if a significant difference exists between the means of two dependent (or related) measures that have a similar sample size and degree of variation. paired-sample t-test The square of r (Pearson's Produce Moment Correlation Coefficient). It tells us the proportion of the variability in the response variable that is explained by the variability in the predictor variable. The higher the percentage, the stronger the association. coefficient of determination Pre/post, within-subject, self-controlled, and correlated group designs are all types of this test. The variables being compared are not independent. Usually this means the same subjects are in both groups, making the groups dependent rather than independent. repeated measures