C431 Healthcare Research Methods questions and correct answers 2022

C431 Healthcare Research Methods questions and correct answers 20222 Major Paradigms Qualitative (Naturalistic) & Quantitative (Positivistic) Mix Method Combination of both Qualitative & Quantitative Qualitative What is observed, deep understanding of experiences by those who lived it (subjective) 5 Styles of Qualitative Ethnography, Biography, Phenomenology, Case Study, & Grounded Theory Ethnography Study of social groups. Customs, culture, etc. Biography Study of individual Phenomenology Experiences centered around an event Case Study Bounded system over time, very detailed. 2 Functions, sharing info & support learning. *Most commonly used in HC* Grounded Theory Abstract problems & their processes Quantitative Research Objective in perspective, computation of numerical value represents phenomena (scientific method) 3 Style of Quantitative Observational, Quasi Experimental, & Experimental Observational Quantifies but does not intervene. Used to identify trends & variables Quasi-Experimental Researchers can not randomly select subjects or assign them but are able to control some variables Experimental Can control variables. Dividing subjects randomly (control vs intervention), selecting from entire population. Then measures the differences between predictor & response variables 3 Temporal characteristics Retrospective, Cross sectional, & Prospective Retrospective Examines something that has already occurred & tests for relationships between variables or differences between groups. (Case Control Study) Cross Sectional Studies that collect data at a single fixed point in time (Surveys) Prospective Formulates a hypothesis followed by collecting data then analyzing findings over a defined period of time. (3 types: Control Trial, Cohort Study, & RCT) 3 types of Prospective research Control Trial, Cohort Study, & Randomized Control Trials Control Trials Use of specific group in design of study. Control group serves as a basis of comparison to ascertain effect of intervention. Able to determine if effect of treatment is greater or less than no treatment. (lacks random allocation) Cohort Study Usually large in size & longitudinal in duration. Group determined by exposure, characteristics, or risk factors, then followed forward in time Randomized Control Trial (RCT) Allocation of patients to treatment or control is random & concealed. Affected by strategy used to identify subjects because it is meant to apply to larger population. (Good sample size & duration = Gold Standard in research) 4 other types of Biomedical Research Cross over Trial, Systematic Review, Meta Analysis, & Clinical Trials Cross Over Trial Prospective study in which patients are moved from control to treatment or vice versa. Allows to see unique responses to treatment Systematic Reviews A research procedure in which all prior studies on a given topic are brought together & analyzed collectively Meta Analysis An added step to systematic review in which a statistical analysis is performed to quantify findings of the reviews Clinical Trials A study of a group of people or human materials. Can take various forms & combine styles. 4 Phases, I, II, III, IV. Phase I Testing 20 -80 people Phase II Expanded study 100-300 people. (is it effective) Phase III people Confirms effectiveness & monitors side effects Phase IV Post-marketing Studies.