WGU C217 question and answer 2022

WGU C217 question and answer 2022Multidirectional Some dimensions expand and others shrink multidimensional Has biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions plastic The capacity for change lifelong Early adulthood is not the endpoint of development, no age period dominates development Multidisciplinary Various areas of study have an interest in the field of development through the life span Contextual All development occurs within a context, or setting (social, cultural, and historic factors) Nature Refers to an organism's biological inheritance. Genetics, personality, appearance Nurture Refers to an organism's environmental experiences. How much a parent reads with their children is related to how well children learn and enjoy to read. Continuity Gradual, cumulative change. Oak grows from seedling to giant oak, gradual change but still an oak Discontinuity Distinct change. Caterpillar to a butterfly. Stability The result of heredity and possibly early experiences in life. Neg/pos experiences in early life effect a person's development and personality as they age. Change Later experiences in life can alter a person's development. A person can grow/alter later in life due to recent changes/experiences. Freud Psychoanalytical. Psychosexual. Personality shaped during first 5 years of life. Focus for pleasure evolves from anus to mouth. Erikson 8 stages of development. Also psychoanalytical. Primary motivation for human behavior is social Piaget Cognitive theorist. Children go through 4 stages of development. Organization and adaptation underlie the cognitive construct of the world. Vygotsky Cognitive theorist. Believed children actively constructed their knowledge. His theory is sociocultural cognitive theory. Emphasized how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development Information processing Emphasized that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for processing information Operant conditioning Created by B.F. Skinner. Reward vs punishment. Consequences of actions shape the occurrence of that action Bandura's social cognitive model Behavior, environment, and cognition are key factors in development. Cognitive processes have important links with environment and behavior Ecological theory Emphasized environmental factors and holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems. 5 systems: Microsystems, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem Ethology Stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology and is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. How does Erikson's theory differ from that of Freud? Erikson believed development is social rather than sexual What are the 8 stages of Erikson's development in order? Trust vs mistrust Autonomy vs shame and doubt Initiative vs guilt Industry vs inferiority Identity vs identity confusion Intimacy vs isolation Generativity vs stagnation Integrity vs despair