Homeostasis and Organ
Systems- BBS1002
Table of contents
Heart (vessels) virtual microscopy + anatomy .................................................................................................. 2
Case 1: Big tension ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Lecture 1- Nutrients of life ............................................................................................................................. 10
Case 2- Get to the heart of the matter ........................................................................................................... 13
Lungs virtual microscopy + anatomy .............................................................................................................. 24
Case 3- “Blood… Quo Vadis?” ......................................................................................................................... 27
Case 4- “Bigger is better?” .............................................................................................................................. 34
Workshop heart ............................................................................................................................................. 40
Case 5- “Live low, train high” ......................................................................................................................... 40
Lecture 3 – Lungs ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Case 6- Cloaca ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Case 7- (Hu)man vs. machine…. ...................................................................................................................... 58
Case 8- Red but not blue ................................................................................................................................ 64
Case 9- Hot and thirsty ................................................................................................................................... 67
Case 10 – the delicate balance between acid and base .................................................................................. 73
1
, Heart (vessels) virtual microscopy + anatomy
Superior
Cranial
Dexter Sinister
Proximal
Posterior or Anterior or
dorsal ventral
Lateral Medial
Caudal Proximal
Distal
Distal
Inferior
Important remarks about directions
➢ Directions are mostly compared to each other: superior vein and inferior vein
➔ Lateral compared to medial -> peripheral to central
➔ Ventral compared to dorsal
➔ Distal compared to Proximal
➔ Anterior compared to posterior
➔ Superficial compared to deep
! Remember in animals walking on 4 legs cranial doesn’t mean the same as in
humans; their head then is referred to as anterior
2
, ➔ Tricuspid valve = right atrioventricular
valve -> atria to ventricle
➔ Bicuspid valve (mitral valve) = left
side -> left atrioventricular valve
➔ Sinus coronarius = drains venous
blood from coronary circulation to the
right atrium of the heart
Signal transduction heart
3
,Circulatory system
➢ Arteries ALWAYS carry blood away from the heart (mostly oxygenated but not
always)
➔ Pulmonary arteries: heart to the lungs
➔ Umbilical arteries: fetus to the maternal placenta
➢ Veins carry blood to the heart (mostly deoxygenated but not always)
➔ Pulmonary veins: lungs to the heart
➔ Umbilical veins: placenta to the fetus
Microvasculature versus macrovasculature
➢ Large vessels versus capillaries, arterioles, and venules
Branches from aorta
1 branchiolic artery
2 common carotid artery
3 subclavian artery (either left or right)
Function circulatory system
- Heat exchange, nutrient delivery, ‘waste pick-up’, brings oxygen, hormone
delivery
➔ Exchange finds place in capillaries (only one cell thick)
Structure of a blood vessel
1. Tunica intima -> one layer of endothelium
on basal lamina, supported by
subendothelial connective tissue; in
arteries the lamina elastica interna
separates layers (visible as wavy line)
2. Tunica media -> layers of smooth muscle
cells separated by ECF (proteoglycans); in
large vessels a lamina elastica interna
separates from next layer
3. Adventitial layer -> connective tissue
(collagenous and elastic fibers), blends in
with connective from organ it is imbedded
in
4. Vas vasorum -> in large vessels vas
vasorum supply vessel wall with blood
➔ Lymph vessels and vasomotor nerves
can be found in the connective tissue
4
, ➢ Stains contract elastic lamina that’s why it’s a wavy line
➔ General anatomy for veins and arteries
➢ Vasomotor nerves allow the vessel to constrict or dilate
Types of arteries
➢ Depending on their wall structure arteries are divided in 3 categories: elastic,
muscular or as arterioles
1. Elastic arteries
➢ Elastic arteries are the transport arteries (largest)
➔ Tunica media contains lot of elastic membranes with smooth muscle cells
(which can control stiffness)
! lamina elastica interna is not always distinguishable from elastic
membranes
➔ Adventitial layer has a lamina elastica externa
2. Musculous arteries
➢ Musculous arteries are the distribution arteries
➔ Always have a visible lamina elastica interna
➔ Well-developed tunica media -> parallel muscle layers
3. Arterioles
➢ Large arterioles show 3-layer structure (smaller don’t)
➔ Small arterioles may only have 1 smooth cell layer NO lamina elastica
interna
5
Systems- BBS1002
Table of contents
Heart (vessels) virtual microscopy + anatomy .................................................................................................. 2
Case 1: Big tension ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Lecture 1- Nutrients of life ............................................................................................................................. 10
Case 2- Get to the heart of the matter ........................................................................................................... 13
Lungs virtual microscopy + anatomy .............................................................................................................. 24
Case 3- “Blood… Quo Vadis?” ......................................................................................................................... 27
Case 4- “Bigger is better?” .............................................................................................................................. 34
Workshop heart ............................................................................................................................................. 40
Case 5- “Live low, train high” ......................................................................................................................... 40
Lecture 3 – Lungs ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Case 6- Cloaca ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Case 7- (Hu)man vs. machine…. ...................................................................................................................... 58
Case 8- Red but not blue ................................................................................................................................ 64
Case 9- Hot and thirsty ................................................................................................................................... 67
Case 10 – the delicate balance between acid and base .................................................................................. 73
1
, Heart (vessels) virtual microscopy + anatomy
Superior
Cranial
Dexter Sinister
Proximal
Posterior or Anterior or
dorsal ventral
Lateral Medial
Caudal Proximal
Distal
Distal
Inferior
Important remarks about directions
➢ Directions are mostly compared to each other: superior vein and inferior vein
➔ Lateral compared to medial -> peripheral to central
➔ Ventral compared to dorsal
➔ Distal compared to Proximal
➔ Anterior compared to posterior
➔ Superficial compared to deep
! Remember in animals walking on 4 legs cranial doesn’t mean the same as in
humans; their head then is referred to as anterior
2
, ➔ Tricuspid valve = right atrioventricular
valve -> atria to ventricle
➔ Bicuspid valve (mitral valve) = left
side -> left atrioventricular valve
➔ Sinus coronarius = drains venous
blood from coronary circulation to the
right atrium of the heart
Signal transduction heart
3
,Circulatory system
➢ Arteries ALWAYS carry blood away from the heart (mostly oxygenated but not
always)
➔ Pulmonary arteries: heart to the lungs
➔ Umbilical arteries: fetus to the maternal placenta
➢ Veins carry blood to the heart (mostly deoxygenated but not always)
➔ Pulmonary veins: lungs to the heart
➔ Umbilical veins: placenta to the fetus
Microvasculature versus macrovasculature
➢ Large vessels versus capillaries, arterioles, and venules
Branches from aorta
1 branchiolic artery
2 common carotid artery
3 subclavian artery (either left or right)
Function circulatory system
- Heat exchange, nutrient delivery, ‘waste pick-up’, brings oxygen, hormone
delivery
➔ Exchange finds place in capillaries (only one cell thick)
Structure of a blood vessel
1. Tunica intima -> one layer of endothelium
on basal lamina, supported by
subendothelial connective tissue; in
arteries the lamina elastica interna
separates layers (visible as wavy line)
2. Tunica media -> layers of smooth muscle
cells separated by ECF (proteoglycans); in
large vessels a lamina elastica interna
separates from next layer
3. Adventitial layer -> connective tissue
(collagenous and elastic fibers), blends in
with connective from organ it is imbedded
in
4. Vas vasorum -> in large vessels vas
vasorum supply vessel wall with blood
➔ Lymph vessels and vasomotor nerves
can be found in the connective tissue
4
, ➢ Stains contract elastic lamina that’s why it’s a wavy line
➔ General anatomy for veins and arteries
➢ Vasomotor nerves allow the vessel to constrict or dilate
Types of arteries
➢ Depending on their wall structure arteries are divided in 3 categories: elastic,
muscular or as arterioles
1. Elastic arteries
➢ Elastic arteries are the transport arteries (largest)
➔ Tunica media contains lot of elastic membranes with smooth muscle cells
(which can control stiffness)
! lamina elastica interna is not always distinguishable from elastic
membranes
➔ Adventitial layer has a lamina elastica externa
2. Musculous arteries
➢ Musculous arteries are the distribution arteries
➔ Always have a visible lamina elastica interna
➔ Well-developed tunica media -> parallel muscle layers
3. Arterioles
➢ Large arterioles show 3-layer structure (smaller don’t)
➔ Small arterioles may only have 1 smooth cell layer NO lamina elastica
interna
5
