maryville patho exam 4 Q&A 2022/2023

what activates the RAAS - Answer - reduced perfusion. Kidneys require at least 20-25% cardiac output-MAP. Causes constriction of peripheral arterioles. most common type of renal stone - Answer - calcium oxalate. may produce referred pain to umbilicus due to the sensory innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising form the 10th thoracic nerve root. UTI clinical manifestations - Answer - confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort pyelonephritis - Answer - one or both upper urinary tracts. urinary obstruction and reflux of urine form the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux) most common. pyelonephritis microorganisms - Answer - E. coli, proteus or psudomonas. can split urea into ammonia making alkaline urine that increases the risk of stone formation PBS/IC - Answer - nonbacterial infectious cystitis (viral, mycobacterial, chalamydial, fungal) noninfectious cystitis (radiation, chemical, autoimmune, hypersensitivity) PBS/IC diagnosis test - Answer - urine culture, urinalysis, s/s, WBC casts in urine (may not always be present) Reduced GFR during glomerular disease - Answer - elevated plasma urea, creatinine concentration or reduced renal creatinine clearance Acute glomerulonephritis - Answer - glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes) Acute glomerulonephritis classic symptoms - Answer - sudden onset of hematuria, RBC casts and proteinuria (mild) severe cases include edema, HTN, impaired renal function Nephrotic syndrome - Answer - 3.0 g or more of protein (massive proteinuria) per day. hypoalbuminemia less than 3g/dl and peripheral edema nephrotic syndrome characteristic - Answer - glomerular injury. primary causes of nephrotic syndrome - Answer - minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis), membranous glomerulonepritis, focal segmental glomeruloscelrois)