MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1: WUNDERLICH Q&A 2022/2023

Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - Answer - A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed. Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction) Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!! Cellular adaptation: Atrophy - Answer - Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood) Cellular adaptation: Hypertrophy - Answer - Increase in size of cell Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as an endurance training-this is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN. Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia - Answer - Increase in number of cells Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia - Answer - Replacement of cells Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant is stopped. Cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? - Answer - ATP = energy BUT needs oxygen - aerobic metabolism A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-phosphate (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exch