Maryville Patho Exam 1 Q&A 2022/2023

Apoptosis - Answer - Programmed cell death Necrosis - Answer - Rapid loss of plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction Atrophy - Answer - Degeneration of cells Hypertrophy - Answer - Swelling of cells Hyperplasia - Answer - Increase in number of cells Metaplasia - Answer - Replacement of cells, may not be functional Loss of ATP effect on cells - Answer - Sodium-potassium pump failure. Intracellular sodium, extracellular potassium leads to edema Effect of oxygen depletion - Answer - Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) Free radical - Answer - electrically charged atom/atoms with unpaired electron--unstable. Steals molecules to stabilize. Lysosome leakage from cell injury - Answer - Digestion of cellular organelles, halts DNA/RNA Ethanol - Answer - Metabolized to acetaldehyde--liver dysfunction over time Peroxisomes - Answer - Detoxify ethanol, creates hydrogen peroxide Most vulnerable to radiation - Answer - DNA Effects of aging - Answer - Muscular atrophy (sarcopenia), stiffness/rigidity of systems Stiffness/rigidity of systems - Answer - Peripheral vascular resistance increase, decreased HCL and stomach emptying, decreased immune response, decreased total body potassium, increased extracellular compartment Dehydration s/sx - Answer - tachycardia, weak pulses, dizziness, postural hypotension Thirst response - Answer - Osmoreceptors activated by increased osmotic pressure in plasma. At risk of FVD - Answer - Infants (75-80% tbw), obese, elderly capillary hydrostatic pressure - Answer - higher than capillary oncotic pressure, fluid moves from intravascular space to interstitial space (tissue perfusion) Oncotic pressure influenced by - Answer - Plasma proteins-albumin Edema