NURS 611-Patho Summer’22

1. Exposure to which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach? a. Prostaglandins b. Helicobacter pyloric. Aspirin d.Regurgitated bile Prostaglandins. Prostaglandins and enterogastrones, such as a gastric inhibitory peptide, somatostatin, and secretin, inhibit acid secretion. 2. Glucose transport enhances the absorption of which electrolyte? m b. potassium c. phosphate d.Chloride Sodium. Sodium passes through the tight junctions and is actively transported across cell membranes. Sodium and glucose share a common active transport carrier (sodium-glucose ligand transporter 1 [SGLT1]). 3. What is the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease? a.Excessive production of hydrochloric acid b.Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter c. Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus d.Reverse muscular peristalsis of the esophagus • Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. • Normally, the lower esophageal sphincter's resting tone maintains a high pressure zone that prevents gastroesophageal reflux. • In individuals who develop reflux esophagitis, this pressure tends to be lower than normal from either transient relaxation or weakness of the sphincter. 4. By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction? a. Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of the intestine, usually causing strangulation of the blood supply b. Twisting the intestine on its mesenteric pedicle, causing occlusion of the blood supply c. Loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine, causing an adynamic ileus d. Forming fibrin and scar tissue that attaches to the intestinal omentum, causing obstruction A. Intussusception is the telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of the intestine, usually causing strangulation of the blood supply. 5. What is the most immediate result of a small intestinal obstruction? a. Vomiting b. Electrolyte imbalances C. Dehydration D. Distention • Distention begins almost immediately, as gases and fluids accumulate proximal to the obstruction. • Within 24 hours, up to 8 L of fluid and electrolytes enter the lumen through saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions. • Copious vomiting or sequestration of fluids in the intestinal lumen prevents their reabsorption and produces severe fluid and electrolyte disturbances. 6. An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes metabolic alkalosis by causing which outcome? a. Gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed b. Excessive loss of hydrogen ions usually absorbed from gastric juices c. Excessive loss of potassium, promoting atony of the intestinal wall d. Loss of bile acid secretions that cannot be absorbed