WGU C217 Chapters 10-12

WGU C217 Chapters 10-12 Describe an activity a child of middle childhood age might engage in that demonstrates the concept of industry (Erikson's fourth stage). Building a model airplane, constructing a tree house, cooking (make, build, work) Preconventional reasoning Kohlberg Stage 1: (Heteronomous morality) *Moral thinking is often tied to punishment. For example, children and adolescents obey adults because adults tell them to obey. Stage2:(Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange) *Individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same. Thus, what is right involves an equal exchange. People are nice to others so that others will be nice to them in return. conventional reasoning Kohlberg Stage3:(Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity) *individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments. Children and adolescents often adopt their parents' moral standards at this stage, seeking to be thought of by their parents as a "good girl" or a "good boy." Stage4:(Social systems morality) *moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty. *For example, adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively, it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members. Postconventional reasoning Kohlberg Stage5: (Social contract or utility and individual rights) *Individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law. *A person evaluates the validity of actual laws and examines social systems in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values. Stage6. (Universal ethical principles) *The person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights. *When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person will follow conscience, even though the decision might involve personal risk. Constructivist approach to education A learner centered approach that emphasizes the importance of the child actively constructing their knowledge with guidance from the teacher, encouraging them to explore their work with their peers. Fixed Mindset They believe their qualities are carved in stone, and cannot change Growth Mindset They believe their qualities can change and improve through effort. Health risks that increase in adolescence obesity, substance abuse, eating disorders, STIs/STDs Major characteristics of formal operational thought More abstract, can conjure up hypothetical situations and reason logically about them Personal fable Young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm. (Ex: "I won't get pregnant") Imaginary audience Adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern. (Ex: Thinks everyone is staring at them when they enter a room.) Identity A self-portrait comprised of many identities. (Ex: Political identity, sexual identity, career identity, etc.) self-esteem The overall way we evaluate ourselves Self-concept Domain-specific evaluations of the self Self-regulation Deliberate efforts to manage ones behavior, emotions, and thoughts to lead to achievement Commitment Personal investment in identity Crisis Period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives Identity states identity diffusion Individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. Undecided about occupational choices, show little interest in such matters. Identity moratorium Individuals who are in the midst of a crisis, whose commitments are either absent or vaguely defined. Actively exploring alternatives. Identity foreclosure Individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis. Most often occurs when parents hand down commitments before the child has a chance to explore their own. Identity achievement Individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment Sexual identity Heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual. Develops during adolescents by dating rituals. Ethnic identity A person's identification with a racial or ethnic group Causes of Juvenile Delinquency Those who weren't able to measure up to their "identity" so they establish a negative onesiblings can influence each other just like peers Adult cognition V.S. adolescent cognition Young adults have more knowledge and experience than adolescents.