WGU C217 Chapter 1 Questions and Answers 100% Pass

WGU C217 Chapter 1 Questions and Answers 100% Pass Trust V.S Mistrust Erikson (Stage 1) (Years 0-1) Autonomy V.S Shame & Doubt Erikson (Stage 2) (Years 1-3) Initiative V.S Guilt Erikson (Stage 3) (Years 3-5) Early child hood, Preschool Industry V.S Inferiority Erikson (Stage 4) (Years 6- Puberty) Middle- late childhood, Elementary. Identity V.S Identity Confusion Erikson (Stage 5) (Years 10-20) Adolescence. Intimacy V.S Isolation Erikson (Stage 6) (Years 20-30) Early Childhood Generatively V.S Stagnation Erikson (Stage 7) (Years 40-50) Middle adulthood Intergity V.S Despair Erikson (Stage 8) (Years 60+) Late Adulthood Erikson Theory psychosocial Freud Theory psychoanalytic theory Operant conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher information processing Emphasizes that individuals manipulate info, monitor it, & strategize about it. (Proccess of memory & Thinking) Freud psychoanalytic Piaget cognitive development Vygotsky's Theory sociocultural theory Change We develop into someone different from our childhood due to our experiences. Stability Do not change from childhood (EX: Traits endure throughout lifespan & are never altering) Discontinuity Distinct changes, More abrupt (EX: A caterpillar turning into a butterfly) Continuity Gradual, cumulative change (EX: A sapling slowly growing into a tree) Nurture Environmental influences (EX: Childhood experiences, how the child is raised) Nature Biological inheritance, shaping during development. (EX: Physical appearance) Contextual All development occurs within a context or setting (Social, Cultural, & historic factors) Multidisciplinary Various areas of study have an interest in the field of development through the life span. Lifelong Early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; no age period dominates development Plastic capable of being shaped or molded; easily influenced Multidimensional Has biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions Multidirectional Some dimensions expand and others shrink Longitudial Research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time usually several years or more. (EX: Study on a group of students to see who wold go to college & who would drop out.) cross-sectional study Research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time. (EX: Medical study looking at the prevalence of stomach cancer in a population) Case study An in-depth look into an individuals life. (EX: Investigate an object or person in its real life context) Experimental Procedure in which factors that influence behavior are manipulated. (EX: Study cause/ effect type relationship) Descriptive Studies designed to observe & record behavior (EX: Describing characteristics of a population or phenomenon. Correlational Research that determines the strength or a relationship between two or more characteristics. (EX: First step to conducting an experiment to see if more are worth experimenting on) Ethology Stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, characterized by critical or sensitive periods. Ecological Theory based on the idea that human development is inseparable from the environment contexts in which a person develops. Bandura's Social Cognitive Model Behavior, cognition, & development people cognitively represent the behavior of others & sometimes adopt that behavior. Piaget Stage 1 Sensorimotor; age 0-2; building concepts about reality Piaget Stage 2 Preoperational (2-7 years) Piaget Stage 3 Concrete Operational; age 7-11; begin to think logically about concrete events Piaget Stage 4 Formal Operational; age 11+; development of abstract reasoning; adult like Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory Emphasizes how culture & social interaction guide cognitive development. Freud's Psychosexual Stage 1 Oral Stage (Birth - 1.5 years) Freud's Psychosexual Stage 2 Anal Stage (1.5- 3 years) Freud's Psychosexual Stage 3 Phallic Stage ( 3-6 years) Freud's Psychosexual Stage 4 Latency Stage (6 years- Puberty) Freud's Psychosexual Stage 5 Genital Stage (Puberty +) Psychoanalytic theory Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized. Psychosocial theory Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society