E K G ’ s & C A R D I O
Cardiac Output Total blood volume pumped per minute (4-8 L/min)
Preload Amount of blood returned to the right side of the heart at the end of DIASTOLE
Afterload Pressure that the left ventricle must pump against (the resistance it must overcome to circulate blood) SYSTOLIC
CO = HR x Stroke Volume
Ejection Fraction % of blood expelled from the left ventricle with each contraction (50-70%)
[ To maintain adequate blood flow through the coronary arteries the MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE (MAP) must be at least 60 mmHg ] Paradoxical Blood Pressure Exaggerated decrease in systolic pressure by more than 10 mmHg during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle (normal is 3-10 mmHg)
oMay be caused by pericardial tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, and pulmonary hypertension
Central Venous Pressure measured by palpating venous palpations in the neck to assess the adequacy of blood volume and CVP
Pericardial Friction Rub originates from the pericardial sac and occurs with movements of the heart during the cardiac cycle / Usually associated with signs of inflammation, infection, or infiltration. May be heard in patients with pericarditis, resulting from MI or cardiac tamponade.
Lab Values:
oTroponin: released in the blood stream when cardiac muscle damage is detected. Troponin is not found in healthy patients, so any elevation is indicative of cardiac damage. Diagnostics:
oCARDIAC CATHERIZATION
Cardiac Output Total blood volume pumped per minute (4-8 L/min)
Preload Amount of blood returned to the right side of the heart at the end of DIASTOLE
Afterload Pressure that the left ventricle must pump against (the resistance it must overcome to circulate blood) SYSTOLIC
CO = HR x Stroke Volume
Ejection Fraction % of blood expelled from the left ventricle with each contraction (50-70%)
[ To maintain adequate blood flow through the coronary arteries the MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE (MAP) must be at least 60 mmHg ] Paradoxical Blood Pressure Exaggerated decrease in systolic pressure by more than 10 mmHg during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle (normal is 3-10 mmHg)
oMay be caused by pericardial tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, and pulmonary hypertension
Central Venous Pressure measured by palpating venous palpations in the neck to assess the adequacy of blood volume and CVP
Pericardial Friction Rub originates from the pericardial sac and occurs with movements of the heart during the cardiac cycle / Usually associated with signs of inflammation, infection, or infiltration. May be heard in patients with pericarditis, resulting from MI or cardiac tamponade.
Lab Values:
oTroponin: released in the blood stream when cardiac muscle damage is detected. Troponin is not found in healthy patients, so any elevation is indicative of cardiac damage. Diagnostics:
oCARDIAC CATHERIZATION
