General Anatomy & Physiology of a Human

General Anatomy & Physiology of a Human - Lowest hierarchy is at the organelles within a cell - Cells with the same functions collected into larger groups - tissues - Tissues are collected into organs which carry out a single task - Organs work together in organ systems that perform large-scale functions Cell Parts - Organelles - cell parts that function within a cell o Coordinate with other organelles to perform a cell’s basic functions - Ribosomes - carry out protein synthesis - Golgi Apparatus - modifies & packages proteins secreted from a cell - Mitochondria - convert energy present in chemical bonds of food accessible to the cell - Nucleus - stores & processes instructions contained in the DNA that tell the cell what its functions are Cells - Smallest living unit of life - In humans, some cells function autonomously; ex. Phagocytic white blood cells - Cells highly specialized to perform a specific function Organs - Structures composed of several types of tissues & perform one or more functions Organ Systems - Functional units composed of several organs - Functions include: digestion of food, circulation of nutrients, removal of wastes, & reproduction Vocab: - Anatomical Position: standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward - Cells: the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created - Cellular functions: Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement - Directional Terminology: Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements - Organelle: a specialized part of a cell that has a specific function - Organ: a self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function - Reference planes: Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, transverse, and coronal - Tissue: a group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs - Superior: Toward the head/upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view, looking down) - Inferior: Away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up) - Lateral- Farther from midline - Medial- Nearer to midline - Superficial- Close to the surface of the body. - Deep- Away from the surface of the body - Proximal- Nearer to the origination of a structure. - Distal- Farther from the origination of a structure. - Anterior- At or near the front of the body - Posterior- At or near the back of the body - Prone- Patient laying on their belly, arms that the side. - Supine- Patient laying on their back, arms that the side. Circulatory System – Khan Academy Jobs of the heart: - Systemic flow (entire body) - Pulmonary Flow (blood to & from the lungs) Coronary blood vessels - Serving the heart muscle itself - Serve the needs of cells - Fall under the category of systemic flow Vein = blood going towards the heart Artery = blood going away from the heart Valves in the heart are there to keep blood moving in the right direction Pulmonary = lungs *bicuspid valve also known as the MITRAL valve Pulmonary Circulation - Relying on the right ventricle as the pump - Deoxygenated blood Systemic Ventricle - Relying on the left ventricle as the pump - Deliver all the blood to the various organs; organs then use up oxygen Red Blood Cell - Has no mitochondria, so it is not really using oxygen - No nucleus - Made for the purpose of carrying around oxygen - Don’t really need oxygen - Each filled with about 250 million hemoglobin proteins o Each hemoglobin protein can bind to 4 O2 molecules (oxyhemoglobin) Heart - gets its oxygen from Systemic circulation (coronary vessels) Lungs - gets its oxygen from bronchial arteries/blood vessels stemming off in systemic circulation - Lots of blood mixing - Most of the blood goes into the pulmonary veins - Mixing of pulmonary & systemic circulation What cells need - Access to oxygen - A source of glucose - A balanced fluid environment with the right amount of water/electrolytes - Removal of waste (such as carbon dioxide) The heart is a DOUBLE pump (left & right ventricle) High pressure allows the blood to circulate around the body; low pressure allows for optimal gas exchange in the lungs without broken capillaries Heart Sounds - “lub dub” - aortic & pulmonary valves are closed while the tricuspid and mitral valve are open - valves prevent backflow of blood (they snap shut) - When the Tricuspid & mitral valve snap shut, we call that noise - “Lub” (First heart sound/S1); at this time the pulmonic and Aortic valve open - “Dub” - second heart sounds/S2; when the pulmonic & aortic valve shut; Tricuspid & Mitral valve just opened - Time between “lub dub” - systole - Time after “lub” waiting for “dub” - diastole Atrioventricular valves - Between the atrium & ventricles - Tricuspid & Mitral valves Layers of the Heart - Chordae Tendineae - hold atrioventricular valves in place, keep the valve from flipping backwards ; connect to papillary muscles - Papillary muscles - muscles located within the ventricles of the heart - Interventricular Septum o “a wall” o Has very thin & very thick parts o Very thin part - membranous ▪ A lot of babies born with holes in this - VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect) o Thick part – (bottom) strong muscular part 3 Layers to the Heart Muscle - Endocardium o Most inner o Goes all around the valves/ventricles/atria o Thin layer o Layer that all the RBCs are bumping up against o A few cell layers thick - Myocardium o Largest chunk of the wall o “myo” = muscle o where all the contractile muscle is going to be o where a lot of the energy is being used up o When the heart needs oxygen, it’s usually the myocardium - Pericardium o Two layers to it o Gap in between the inner & outer layer o Might have a little bit of fluid in the gap - not cells o Very thin o Folds in on itself almost like a pancake o Visceral pericardium (viscera refers to organs) ▪ Inner layer around the heart ▪ Another name - epicardium o Parietal pericardium ▪ Layer that is on the outside Thermoregulation - Arteriole will be supplying your skin with blood & oxygen via the blood o Sends off little capillary beds into the skin - The skin acts as insulation - Capillaries bypass all this insulation & go right to the surface - The heat from the blood going to these capillaries will have a much easier time of getting out - When our body is overheating, the body is going to dilate the capillaries & make them much wider - vasodilation - More blood is then going to pass the capillaries - Therefore a lot more loss of heat to these surroundings - Why Body temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit? o All of the body systems work optimally at this temperature - When the body is cold o You’re going to make your capillaries as small as possible o Less heat at the surface area of your skin ▪ Why your skin becomes very cold - Your body sends impulses through nerves that tells smooth muscle cells whether they should be contracting or relaxing Arteries - Carry oxygenated blood (not always) - Carry blood AWAY from the heart - HIGH pressure o Spurts blood if cut; more than a vein - LOW volume o Transports a certain amount of blood in a fixed time o Only approximately 15% of the entire blood volume in your body - Largest artery in body - Aorta Veins - carry deoxygenated blood (not always) - Blood isn’t actually blue; Veins look blue because of the optics of light going through skin - Carry blood TOWARDS the heart - LOW pressure - HIGH volume -blood volume about 65% Elastic Arteries - Large & Medium arteries; first few arteries - Have a protein in the walls of the blood vessel called elastin protein - Have a lot of elastin protein - Pressure energy has been converted over into elastic energy - Balancing out high pressures Arterioles - Small branches coming off a small artery - Dump into a venule - “muscular arteries” o wall of the artery is actually very muscular (also applies to small arteries) o smooth muscle - Vasoconstriction o “vaso”” = blood vessel o tightening down of the blood vessel o increases resistance - Blood is going to go to the capillaries from the arterioles Venule - feeds into many other venules - gather together into a giant set of veins - all these veins then feed into the inferior/superior vena cava removal, communication, and protection • Closed Double loop system o Pulmonary Loop: Deoxygenated blood from Rt. Ventricle to lungs and returns Oxygenated blood to Lt. Atrium o Systemic Loop: Oxygenated blood from Lt. Ventricle to body, returning Deoxygenated blood to Rt. Atrium • Systole: Contraction of ventricles (heart expels blood) • Diastole: Relaxation of ventricles (heart refills with blood) • SA Node: "Pacemaker" controls contractions via electrical signals • Blood Pressure: Fluid pressure generated by cardiac cycle (sys/dias) Artery: Blood vessel that carries blood AWAY from heart • Aorta: large artery branching off heart to the rest of the body o Coronary Artery o Carotid Artery o Subclavian Artery o Common Iliac Artery o Renal Artery Vein: Blood vessel that carries blood TO the heart • Vena Cava- All veins empty here prior to entering the heart o Jugular Vein o Subclavian Vein o Hepatic Portal Vein o Common Iliac Vein o Renal Vein Arteriole: Small artery Venule: Small vein Capillary: Small blood vessel that connects arterioles to venules Heart: Muscle that pumps blood throughout the body Blood: The red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins • Carries oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body. • 4 Main Components: o RBC: Disc shaped cells that carry Hemoglobin and O2 o WBC: Immune defense o Platelets: Clotting cells o Plasma: Liquid portion of blood (mostly water) Disease: Myocardial Infarction: Heart attack; Death of the heart muscle due to inadequate blood supply Stroke: "Brain Attack." Damage to the brain due to inadequate blood supply Aneurysm: Localized abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall that causes an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon. Hemorrhage occurs when it bursts. Atherosclerosis: Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup on artery walls Anemia: Not enough healthy RBC Arrhythmia: Abnormal heart rhythm • Tachycardia: Too fast • Bradycardia: Too slow Hypertension: High blood pressure. Systole is over 140 mmHg; Diastole is over 90 mmHg Crash Course – The Heart The Heart transports - nutrients - oxygen - waste - heat - hormones - immune cells throughout the body Main job - generating pressure - generating high hydrostatic pressure to pump blood out of the heart, while also creating low pressure to bring it back in Blood Pressur