Teas Science Section

TEAS SCIENCE SECTION Macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes Carbohydrates - Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose *Structural function: cellulose and chitin *Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen *Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids Lipids - Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water * H and C and main components * Fats * Hydrophobic, nonpolar * Store energy ( fats, oils, adipose ) Proteins - molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds * Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types) * Keratin and collagen (hydrophobic) not soluble in water, found in structural protein * Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes *Function as transport carries or signal transfer Nucleic acids - Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA * DNA stores genetic material * Chromosomes * RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA Enzymes - a class of proteins that catalyses chemical reactions. * Not consumed in reaction * Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy * Exergonic: release energy * Endergonic: require energy * Energy is supplied and releases as ATP * Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzyme active site) purines and pyrimidines - Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine DNA and RNA - Macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins * Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA * Nitrogenous base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine * Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine * Codon: a group of three nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino acids (synthesized from RNA during Translation * Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine ( A-T ) and ( C-G ). NonCovalent, weak. - RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine *Double Helix structure * Coded or read 5' - 3' * Sugar(Pentose)- Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group bound to 4 oxygen atoms) DNA helicase - unzips and unwinds DNA DNA primase - Generates RNA primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA replication CONTINUES...