,.
-ch c _. ~~ during inll'I J)oott _
~ ROPHA5£ META PJ/RfE 7 /er Ol-folOGot,5
~ ( CH~OrfOrurSOH'TaESn . witt
b;ncs ' l)~fOlf rri,toDNi Si con ,... C4fOl'lls md111dr1
CYTOKINE5/S,.
l DNfi tcom prt>tcins callrd O!:cur OIi thr r 5toqc :l ' CI/IOl<in(SiS ~\Orms 2c11
11
~" _'b~~;m:
; .,_ --:,, . o ron- , riuc1 d dun ~
, _ ~ ·~ • •
. J. stir rmQ \ .is rtP[ i(Qtt
usep to ,cte ntlf
n mit os,L '1.~~ism •, crllf con;o dtnlSt(01!191!l
1
nr HIST ON£S lo fO
: ~ .,.,TOTICPHA>'[ · ,_o d" C .. l dl .
IOltlJ)h O&t Chro,,,.
,
' . -1 • ., ~
- "' ..,.., -. " v!S1on "1
-- i/q~ r ~P - i !mi~~ci~sJ~oWl't .., ,-, ~
~.
'1 .' . '
.. /. 1·1 4-; .:....(I_ ,!"'
I
NI
Toto / num b~c 1
r
w1s
,•
, llsw oFHNE
eCl" I rental
Iha ' r,, nucttu ·· loidni (HROhomo\OQ!lj
l1A TIN chro moU ds
b
fOCtr
,) r
DNA moir
COnve1'cd into J idff'lUCOI (
cutr • Sto Qn - rrcto&;s
• - " -. nuo tu,;diridcl ,,. - ~· .
· . , ~ -- ,
!tUndtr ~ -' . . ; ·'".?'ii!!\- POrh ·
..... _J ; -· ,;sibUq11
-. . ·• _. • inc rni ~scopr
t -
.
-r· • ···... ,.,
a,lr' ..,•
·•
_.? \
ro111dei n
measu~<fthtCOPOC > ( chrom0Somr in"-..ch~~ll95rtj
a o10 our Pair osom r
~
- d•P
7
chrornort,ms . _ N I\ l"nQl
Jo,n~ roql"fhtr
!eutcJ
In [ UkA RYOll ( ttll1
r:
thci t 01r ci nVlin ph01ci: ~'
:. -~- ·__
.
• ·•
•~ to diritlC dht iry } ) homth
~1
- •! ~(
-
Chromatin fibrtf Cetil + )
(.! (hro -no 5omc
r 'v 0 115
.;: .,. · 'rof, ~ cclld i.-isionl
hat c~am e qene 1a/
'1! ro
thc~rt1c 1oci
I +RffiJCRTION ~h~ ~ •On tbllt
a
tt-JTERRIA5E-9row1b period ct
Cdl rqa eI : .-__~- 11
'· C IND EX ~
throJ,i &~J:;'f:~~~~
J mo1-td bl/ sp,n dl~ MIT OTI ,J ci a.;:; ~s0 u, ; ENT ~l1E ~E ) P " .._ . - -
condcnst- to form chromosomr tf to 'l Q lSPtnd r majorit~ " lime ill in
~
(
NUclrolus diSQpptQr5
fibr
t/!:/ii
fOlll
rhw nic r Af
.flP HR I~ E ¾ '1 rr11 frn mito sis
ka . I.._ n r't'> °"1 h14
'ctnla.to< togr t1ier so t he
ait kfpt
<! -~'='
1111riJ.ivrt~
(DIJ
\. 3 SIOl}<s: _ T
'; "c;,...• orr:, h ~ ~-~ .r
Nuclear mcmbront' btqins to 01 OhlJ time pro _!your orqanisrr,r ) be Prte•s~ ctllsizc
apri arr .
do11 ·1na1-r nurlM sistrr~
rtnnQUd
11..\ceal/cd mrt , 4 - O c!"' G2
~~-
btrok. down rtpa,r1n9 bOCl t'rlQ •srp or,..
.rtSUIIS insth r f • v
Prottin mic rotu bui ts rorm
Pat
.,_. ., c • , • ~prottin'S~ntt1~i1OCC\lll
':ipindlt·Stiopm structUtU Unk
in9 .
th
Toe~ 01~ rn hrld
;,
·, ·
i lii'f tis~ cs fUkC IIIJo t,· . dM
1crm
sirm the tell +
otio l)Cf :l r . ,h,:: ..,~~ 1:"
,:;';
~thtl! will mou ttlt ~ 01'9(111C
lltl
inpos;t,on , r{ · • ~ Cf/lr<1 0 ac S•nqi r- the rm,, . ma,es "'10s1S
( tile p01c, Cf the cell A · • this is tile '9 ~so ~b a (idfmica~d~~.,.. ~~ _. 1 any n_,e&d c. ~ . pnasc
nrctsSQ ry to n-,o,.- the = NIH IIL CELLS • rosr (Jur1in 9: \ rtPl! lcerntnf \ """ tti:i1 ;,, J S{fltnt5'_s .
chro!Y'OSOmrr Into ,,,. con ,~A c1rovo9r furrn... - : l ~... l ~t• ssu es ull
,....,. - -~ 'P-c..,_,.,..,~ ,
.
( 9,0,..,h in rnoltittllular .
) ah; ht orderrd ' DNA teplicotion occurJ cr11sin 1
POS/t/ons rvnnsaroundthr s_hotd mg in
,ma1{+ romr plant) w11 ~ m,ddlt< f thr rM
Inan Tnt: crn trom e-~ o rusr ns ~cu 11 e~ cvrn rs G
r 1hr Po1rJ Cf crt1war OrtJUnisrnr SfQur~c nd 13rowtti Ph<lS, J
Cfnrriom'n,i9r111e ro oppo 6·,' r . Ct//· UtfOCJ membrane toq
ethr nrrcssa111 1-1hfn ? 9 Pl(!nts~
muth
...___., 1 l'llhiCh tokes pl
, : SCCo ..
G~u n.lncaff'/,und/~ ~
P111ts ct 11(' -, 1 ,~ PU//cj rnward by ttie chro osom t diVide C h'Om
mol idr in roch all dauqnler r.rU& fung,(""'"'"Qsnrrrnall/ for ' plan '
I
in the C ell
~
Oet ~!)N II iS ChtCKtd
:bi".J!
1os1 ,n
Cl,(osxr/cton until itis Cnr omOti d f o,r Stparnted hoK 10 bl idtn H[(I
s ~ . 1.- ctto n I to 9"'" din
l"ln~ tha t help 1n the Cl~ r tnough tp ;11st
~ pi,l ltd to opposite-
l ;P'on 1, ico// y. G Cl'II = 5fN~(£NT
forr ncit , on "1 the f.pl ndl~ fiC OIOW!dthr,rield(t l rnsuttt blfth . ~ ,~< ;pn ng (f
• MITQS/ 5
P01tr </ tnr r.rtts b~ t_hc idt 1_
'5plndlC fibtf's Ott'O(h to SpW FOr min g :2 crns dOUghtrr c,11r \ 1 l\l • ; \.
artat on the C(n trom rtf's . Shorten ing Spindle f1brf! ~mm patt
!Qltllh r 9•1fn lo the phm
ston lo mo-.t Jt,r cM>motomo mr_vshap, is a tfiU/t"fthrr11 rru
pl'T)ducrd,Jh rna ~ .
wh.!
" ' t CI J
to tn, ttnt tr q inc c.c11 TELOPJlfi J b, ,nq drag9rd b~ tllf!r<rnrrom
PUlfnt u lt di n drs
dirfs ion ,,
REGU,....) N
L!lTIO : Chec1cpointS r e11h lini~Olf!
rr I~ ctll L- •
~
Otfl7fNEr1 c11u'( Cljcl USr•
Sy tile rnd Cf pro pM s, the o~ , th rough tllr hqu;dcy101<11 7
~oc cur at 5/ldfic poin ts ... r' Orur11y or Ptrmanrn tl~ unO
· IDENTICAL the OUC/rus I. Cea tJmc
nlldrar rn~lope tor disnp,x :-: -- - - - ~ ( Gr cn:ctr.rlnt occu ,s bN/ lsd orrio9tc1
,1 hcd the ,- 11ar r""rtllENllRlED
I
Tllc enro mat tdr hDIIC ttoC --~ ~:00
PLANT CELLS:
..., ~,
Po•rr• 011' nowcoul'<I chromoSomrJ "' uu ~-,. , c,ntn'tm PCrrnnnuil ~o 1
/ 'I ~ le ~~ rnd 'l Gr PhD St 011
l Pf qr rntr>1 ct1 c4clrtion
1
Thr ~ nrw sw q: ehromoi omn aur~ ~fonm
mb lhr
ti c1eava9c fUnTJN con it form I{
CEll D/V/510N
• -.rhtcKt er,, Silf CEil ARREST lfonns ,tr !)lfrific func
bccaust q. the rr,r 111011 . f aat1111.1 ra~ Phlf/r • tt,r nuctrar rn1tt1op nutnmrs
Ves;c1rr ftnm Gotq;apporoius OS'ied t'mblt . ,,., r r,n l)NAdomaqe
whr ir rhr lll('topnasr p1a1
~ftr .ie Nitn f'Ol::11 ottr r +
r form
cell mrm ban r • •
form atonq
j
'iJ.,
Cht omo
• ·C11tokinrr,1 brginr
1
so~ ri unc oil •nue 1co1 ur ,-1 formed
IF thrlt rr u11conrro11cd di.-i
. . .
sion
_ _ _ _ _
,_J
_ __ _ __,, 1
lr
17,2 Chcc><Poin1 occun
ttSU lts
'1UT/ITIONS in encl
from
that l'ncodr C(ll1~ctt Cell Cl(clc. ~-
N('N SCC/ionr 'I en, Nall . de
rtirn thrq fOll'II morrrJ Cf crtlr caued r..... -.. I - at thernd Cf G2 phOs t ~
nt'kl n,rm t.an e Sections
If dMding c~, NOii SCP Q,m e(/Nauid un<k"!"
b(fa,r- the lft1Jr4 don 't (1,v'1
qu1cl rn~u~~t tn
th ( TUH ORS • con 1roC1 rb caner, l r ~ Ch!Cll for DNA do~oqr lt~U l llt:l,c
\ Ldisearc 1 uNroNr@ufD cu1
STEn Cf llc
I
ROltlNS Pto9ttttion = DIVISION
i,ouqritrr c<'f/f StParated thNJ WWc%it11./ ,tplOctd !) L .l
~NA ,tptira\;on . durto rnanqcr
ding rJt1lrr
osm otk ll(S 5ft0 m me
Slrr oun
TOTIPOTEN r
1 ;--. J ctl/ s,z.e ,n Oct; rft'J cf
1roct inq to flGEING 9amctriJ, )
cJ mr,osis l1 '<If CJ/err tt!]uiato,r
(an «r ' •ll" ··h
" • U< 01e
~ \._ Ott FOnn
d•ffttmtl~ to nom,0.1 Wt! q tht h,rl,
,
. onlij prt~nrh0-- } ed • st aq . ,_ _ ---- ,
- ~ . ~
,n 111arrrn11ts ,n on ,_J , ' . ,-J
und in 5trm crll ...- -._ _/ . . . ran promot e divid e ma n'"
1gno1tcS1gna1.r l con fT\Ot fQClOrJ
cth c1,
finr ft'I'-< dm s,ons"f '_,) _ro • ear1 morula
otc _E,O TEN C Y und 1ff!t-ennatcd• t"' d,n
nuc1rus
dr1 t!'fic t f1t1 0s1 s 1 \ . . l D01 r11t in rn,to s,s .,.hr tt all
bf tn,g ~M lhC ( IJ'l Orf tim trth a~a
ltl1in9 Hlc_r11 to oNr , grtlW1h
cs Sho ~1 d rd
trnb llJO
dc~IOP into z4q iroio~tt•
VOf'l/inq abiUIIJcf
)iunrprc,al.iscd gamttt1
,d .011 , Htios,s atto thrchti>mosomnd11 1 • OLiqn ntw oiood Mll' m1 ccubcfOrt'
j Stopd;vid•n9 unUkt bod ~ w 1,
r l e n r lflf t ,_, [1!;: ,.. ,., :l ct-,!d to SP• '5oth(CJ ca11 loSioq tht!r(apocih
pttJdUW 4 dau9nttr REg
~~Hq ro _
Ip1jcm,a on~ Cf tnr WIS o Ql q thHOI
und ,n ontrnbi'lj_ IU
~rrm cet1 1to
tf_to,n he 011 q t11~;~
0 0
01111s,0 N ,nd d·rn·sion ,- .
lm; rosi s ,,,- 11 1tSS t1s
9rt(1J(l/qtn• to dlv1dc ,..,
i
7d
Htf diffcrrntiateinto gcnri cr11s llot orcu, uno- 1 thlr nurn ·tntt onot unango
~rt~%m1ro- tmbnioruccr - iiiur O b,ut~ to . " . ~
I - __
SP('Cialistd mt • 1 to1, , hoPP cns con be
invo111td divide~ m,to fif .. , --.1
P0111 cr 1Jomo109ous 1im1ta,
to m 4c4Ucc/ ANGIOGE'N£SIS "'1fr!IS1Anc so APOPTOSIS l pr<>9ro_m-c :1
crl_' droth) unae, ccna .t,""5
Labte ro unde,gorell dm 5ro n
t .,.
t4pc1 r' . -
Lt ""t t -=1' cc-II ove chromosome, Ott ---- COl'l mig1t1tr to othe r qer thlS:n
, ron fl)rm 1
al/
Pl UR\ PQffNT ~
t4pcrqc~riited
,,., r and ovtr
L; . SOUl'(.t ,., neH cetlr nfWIQIZ
/ fl)<: sr~ rort ct ifl/o Ht/ .
--:- ---I
II pail{ ~ chl'l
pttrtnr ,n each
dauqhte• eel' OH'
lma lld!
_ ~
Pao-s ~ tt\e bod11~ 1-ih•C h "'a.
a nun,,,;u ectl
id vrg
1
~
1,s1urt4J)(\ th -r
th
to /lltCrmtd•ot< ·· _ 11 Tel~
. C' . C1
t \..
can no 1 .,/ l . \. onqinr q
cnt ,n diffcrtnt tt1fl(l
diffrttntiare ,nro a
j (imitrd numi:c- q. crll
gdruH1
t-.c opmcnr
{
RFT [R Ortcm
t I "" ' on/~ cor11o;n r
u~~r:itaq qrr ;r ro s jaro
r-ed
~ ).
4 ;ff\ ,I '
.
\ ·~
,: ,. So.mHJIClopha!C
-1.
,"""1, .. .. .,.
. .
tissue rtp air . crudif nrn!iotrJ
.._
rom i ':''=>~ c pt:tJ
a)
:.-.
l'()rl4 tmb npl Cf wrot!in an
Nt"\
1 ·
1010 forms 4 hoptoid '- ~ l~;J~ ~II tncn
organ•
c:::'~hertart a1so orqonis. ,
ljpr i it .IOlfl thr
ob1h l1Lto tt H~
dauqhtcr Wit in tdtal Mi d Prop - "
lQ/c n,r,h alt 1 l• occun•the
fth1ca1 issurJ MULJ/pQT lf!r chQnct ti imn,unc
rtmtion if rotrn frt>m enc ~1 '15 Pt eia li1cd• (Oll't_(hOOIJ'
. divi de, rntm Jhe Go phair + OSf
Sarrt os Pfltlphosr in mito s;s but
MrtaPhasr f
~ ,t ,;
~Etl U CllOl
chromos ome
'I cf
l
1amc pnu~nt . r pa, r AnaphC!St 1
sou~ \
hotd _to_ilOl~tc•
IW eth,ccll 1ssucr1nvoivcd dif
f~n tlo tio n is ncctISOt'lJ
l ctlll in mu1ticr11u10,
/ tht homo10 ous rhromos ornr Same as metaphose lll! homotooous nu~ • to f <trm
/
d,ff!'rrnt,ation II up. form,nq0~ IVIIL£NTS in mitoi;;s f~ctpt hOITIJloQous ch~mosomeJ orf
lt
.~ t (rill haw- Od tcd
trm t ro1'Winan or oni ms
s rlolirr to ,.
f Cross,ng "'~ can occur
d,p101d
!(Orte d • DI- ct,romosoll'lf, n\it mbtc a1ong PUll( d to op Jt(l)O'lCI hOp101d ,s
) r tot1 ~.:'1~ \._
'Tissue(adu lt) st°" '
Slrm renr Ort Uft for Ol'l] to diff
to~~on ~iff t ~I rOltJ in . / .1'5
JG' h• mt lOPhOSt PIOtt inS ttOd q'
Ern bni onic stem TYP E I OJ A8E1H ( Qnism • 10 ~01-C
r1 t orqonf cr -. tnrc~romob~ toy comptm~
ct!IS - prm ~t thl'QUghout monv
<;ha per t 111CJ + t1Hu · indi vidu ol ch" 'mo som
}tint lO tuch oth "'T't lOphos
u1n ~ound rn boll( mom:iw rt{lei•mmdtlt A ha ~
ce11s unc q:!tl) contain di fettnl alian tntthrotljfCJ hOrt no I - -
1 pttsrnt at Q rttlj . ,, • Sam, 01 tt1~p hO!r
f Ma mm ~ ,
ram, stoqr (1 CITlblljO ltCO mult lpOI Clll
n b! oro1ir1011~ triqqcrtd
1 ~l'l:;rnirn~ orqa nc11
5
cr
OUCIOlf Or o~qonttlcf 10 tnc9
havta Pro pho sr ;t
\:ta 11~; ,n ~~t th~
.
.I , -,, . in mito sis.
. C1J!ok1ncsis rr5UII.!
dt\1'.lopmmt p~rr nt produc,ng crllr SPIN~l INJ\JR1£ ctn q 110 doqJ - nw l to be • Thr chro
mosomr (11ill
ond rn1r ue; ---,: ---c :,--
'find,,;dU01ch<0rnos ,
d J00!> 90Sll r ~ ,...,_. ~ ,. doug hier c.en, -
'1rto~hasr ~
me puri \.it!!p drJc pu11e .,
lOf ltra wttr thr mQlf to beco Lrtl(ottd mo!{mm t ~ch rom ot bci... :i , , "-" ,,
lunporcntcy intht PQOCttaJ ttp1accd cons-ronttij poirf oftcrd111s,on <f ThCi, will be hop lOfd
~yst l~ lio br toke rou h, nd limbs tbc-comr YJm ,,, aga in . a.
~g \\~~ nowUl Neu troPhilr lil't for 6 hou1
to 1-+ Ott The 1nd1 nd ua1 ction -:-
n f\'l7ll'I domoqed bone marw,,J ...}luc ltor m11r1op r rnos om,r ommb1e on Jis. the ctnt rom trtl
. , ~ dur td redu
= a kI down• spindle chm • a1soqmrtrra114
rona _111ho hod
~rel/I art ,n
lliCO I cord q, otwoom rorc1 1 rtplo u d b stcn, ulli in the
4 . p1otr U llr mitO ~ same or : " . Pot mlc tll
thr pluripottnr 11aqc umb SP1n a1 4 h ti
lf'¥c.ction fOl'l1lOtion bfqint
thr mcta phQ St
O\'tr tne tico/ 10 ano)>h(UCm1n
• •
d1fftlt nt from tiic hot Nr. Pfndent
babier our .to cross,nqlont 1 tOilr
due tt, cross ngovtr+ tndfarro
hic dc~ ~~ ,n~ ~rs ~t~ ~~_ . . thronoatid1 ore no Q)" )tr i(i!n r1tntni
sn: 1 1 SP' Bll?l\WS 9$ptti5~n·gypn
-ch c _. ~~ during inll'I J)oott _
~ ROPHA5£ META PJ/RfE 7 /er Ol-folOGot,5
~ ( CH~OrfOrurSOH'TaESn . witt
b;ncs ' l)~fOlf rri,toDNi Si con ,... C4fOl'lls md111dr1
CYTOKINE5/S,.
l DNfi tcom prt>tcins callrd O!:cur OIi thr r 5toqc :l ' CI/IOl<in(SiS ~\Orms 2c11
11
~" _'b~~;m:
; .,_ --:,, . o ron- , riuc1 d dun ~
, _ ~ ·~ • •
. J. stir rmQ \ .is rtP[ i(Qtt
usep to ,cte ntlf
n mit os,L '1.~~ism •, crllf con;o dtnlSt(01!191!l
1
nr HIST ON£S lo fO
: ~ .,.,TOTICPHA>'[ · ,_o d" C .. l dl .
IOltlJ)h O&t Chro,,,.
,
' . -1 • ., ~
- "' ..,.., -. " v!S1on "1
-- i/q~ r ~P - i !mi~~ci~sJ~oWl't .., ,-, ~
~.
'1 .' . '
.. /. 1·1 4-; .:....(I_ ,!"'
I
NI
Toto / num b~c 1
r
w1s
,•
, llsw oFHNE
eCl" I rental
Iha ' r,, nucttu ·· loidni (HROhomo\OQ!lj
l1A TIN chro moU ds
b
fOCtr
,) r
DNA moir
COnve1'cd into J idff'lUCOI (
cutr • Sto Qn - rrcto&;s
• - " -. nuo tu,;diridcl ,,. - ~· .
· . , ~ -- ,
!tUndtr ~ -' . . ; ·'".?'ii!!\- POrh ·
..... _J ; -· ,;sibUq11
-. . ·• _. • inc rni ~scopr
t -
.
-r· • ···... ,.,
a,lr' ..,•
·•
_.? \
ro111dei n
measu~<fthtCOPOC > ( chrom0Somr in"-..ch~~ll95rtj
a o10 our Pair osom r
~
- d•P
7
chrornort,ms . _ N I\ l"nQl
Jo,n~ roql"fhtr
!eutcJ
In [ UkA RYOll ( ttll1
r:
thci t 01r ci nVlin ph01ci: ~'
:. -~- ·__
.
• ·•
•~ to diritlC dht iry } ) homth
~1
- •! ~(
-
Chromatin fibrtf Cetil + )
(.! (hro -no 5omc
r 'v 0 115
.;: .,. · 'rof, ~ cclld i.-isionl
hat c~am e qene 1a/
'1! ro
thc~rt1c 1oci
I +RffiJCRTION ~h~ ~ •On tbllt
a
tt-JTERRIA5E-9row1b period ct
Cdl rqa eI : .-__~- 11
'· C IND EX ~
throJ,i &~J:;'f:~~~~
J mo1-td bl/ sp,n dl~ MIT OTI ,J ci a.;:; ~s0 u, ; ENT ~l1E ~E ) P " .._ . - -
condcnst- to form chromosomr tf to 'l Q lSPtnd r majorit~ " lime ill in
~
(
NUclrolus diSQpptQr5
fibr
t/!:/ii
fOlll
rhw nic r Af
.flP HR I~ E ¾ '1 rr11 frn mito sis
ka . I.._ n r't'> °"1 h14
'ctnla.to< togr t1ier so t he
ait kfpt
<! -~'='
1111riJ.ivrt~
(DIJ
\. 3 SIOl}<s: _ T
'; "c;,...• orr:, h ~ ~-~ .r
Nuclear mcmbront' btqins to 01 OhlJ time pro _!your orqanisrr,r ) be Prte•s~ ctllsizc
apri arr .
do11 ·1na1-r nurlM sistrr~
rtnnQUd
11..\ceal/cd mrt , 4 - O c!"' G2
~~-
btrok. down rtpa,r1n9 bOCl t'rlQ •srp or,..
.rtSUIIS insth r f • v
Prottin mic rotu bui ts rorm
Pat
.,_. ., c • , • ~prottin'S~ntt1~i1OCC\lll
':ipindlt·Stiopm structUtU Unk
in9 .
th
Toe~ 01~ rn hrld
;,
·, ·
i lii'f tis~ cs fUkC IIIJo t,· . dM
1crm
sirm the tell +
otio l)Cf :l r . ,h,:: ..,~~ 1:"
,:;';
~thtl! will mou ttlt ~ 01'9(111C
lltl
inpos;t,on , r{ · • ~ Cf/lr<1 0 ac S•nqi r- the rm,, . ma,es "'10s1S
( tile p01c, Cf the cell A · • this is tile '9 ~so ~b a (idfmica~d~~.,.. ~~ _. 1 any n_,e&d c. ~ . pnasc
nrctsSQ ry to n-,o,.- the = NIH IIL CELLS • rosr (Jur1in 9: \ rtPl! lcerntnf \ """ tti:i1 ;,, J S{fltnt5'_s .
chro!Y'OSOmrr Into ,,,. con ,~A c1rovo9r furrn... - : l ~... l ~t• ssu es ull
,....,. - -~ 'P-c..,_,.,..,~ ,
.
( 9,0,..,h in rnoltittllular .
) ah; ht orderrd ' DNA teplicotion occurJ cr11sin 1
POS/t/ons rvnnsaroundthr s_hotd mg in
,ma1{+ romr plant) w11 ~ m,ddlt< f thr rM
Inan Tnt: crn trom e-~ o rusr ns ~cu 11 e~ cvrn rs G
r 1hr Po1rJ Cf crt1war OrtJUnisrnr SfQur~c nd 13rowtti Ph<lS, J
Cfnrriom'n,i9r111e ro oppo 6·,' r . Ct//· UtfOCJ membrane toq
ethr nrrcssa111 1-1hfn ? 9 Pl(!nts~
muth
...___., 1 l'llhiCh tokes pl
, : SCCo ..
G~u n.lncaff'/,und/~ ~
P111ts ct 11(' -, 1 ,~ PU//cj rnward by ttie chro osom t diVide C h'Om
mol idr in roch all dauqnler r.rU& fung,(""'"'"Qsnrrrnall/ for ' plan '
I
in the C ell
~
Oet ~!)N II iS ChtCKtd
:bi".J!
1os1 ,n
Cl,(osxr/cton until itis Cnr omOti d f o,r Stparnted hoK 10 bl idtn H[(I
s ~ . 1.- ctto n I to 9"'" din
l"ln~ tha t help 1n the Cl~ r tnough tp ;11st
~ pi,l ltd to opposite-
l ;P'on 1, ico// y. G Cl'II = 5fN~(£NT
forr ncit , on "1 the f.pl ndl~ fiC OIOW!dthr,rield(t l rnsuttt blfth . ~ ,~< ;pn ng (f
• MITQS/ 5
P01tr </ tnr r.rtts b~ t_hc idt 1_
'5plndlC fibtf's Ott'O(h to SpW FOr min g :2 crns dOUghtrr c,11r \ 1 l\l • ; \.
artat on the C(n trom rtf's . Shorten ing Spindle f1brf! ~mm patt
!Qltllh r 9•1fn lo the phm
ston lo mo-.t Jt,r cM>motomo mr_vshap, is a tfiU/t"fthrr11 rru
pl'T)ducrd,Jh rna ~ .
wh.!
" ' t CI J
to tn, ttnt tr q inc c.c11 TELOPJlfi J b, ,nq drag9rd b~ tllf!r<rnrrom
PUlfnt u lt di n drs
dirfs ion ,,
REGU,....) N
L!lTIO : Chec1cpointS r e11h lini~Olf!
rr I~ ctll L- •
~
Otfl7fNEr1 c11u'( Cljcl USr•
Sy tile rnd Cf pro pM s, the o~ , th rough tllr hqu;dcy101<11 7
~oc cur at 5/ldfic poin ts ... r' Orur11y or Ptrmanrn tl~ unO
· IDENTICAL the OUC/rus I. Cea tJmc
nlldrar rn~lope tor disnp,x :-: -- - - - ~ ( Gr cn:ctr.rlnt occu ,s bN/ lsd orrio9tc1
,1 hcd the ,- 11ar r""rtllENllRlED
I
Tllc enro mat tdr hDIIC ttoC --~ ~:00
PLANT CELLS:
..., ~,
Po•rr• 011' nowcoul'<I chromoSomrJ "' uu ~-,. , c,ntn'tm PCrrnnnuil ~o 1
/ 'I ~ le ~~ rnd 'l Gr PhD St 011
l Pf qr rntr>1 ct1 c4clrtion
1
Thr ~ nrw sw q: ehromoi omn aur~ ~fonm
mb lhr
ti c1eava9c fUnTJN con it form I{
CEll D/V/510N
• -.rhtcKt er,, Silf CEil ARREST lfonns ,tr !)lfrific func
bccaust q. the rr,r 111011 . f aat1111.1 ra~ Phlf/r • tt,r nuctrar rn1tt1op nutnmrs
Ves;c1rr ftnm Gotq;apporoius OS'ied t'mblt . ,,., r r,n l)NAdomaqe
whr ir rhr lll('topnasr p1a1
~ftr .ie Nitn f'Ol::11 ottr r +
r form
cell mrm ban r • •
form atonq
j
'iJ.,
Cht omo
• ·C11tokinrr,1 brginr
1
so~ ri unc oil •nue 1co1 ur ,-1 formed
IF thrlt rr u11conrro11cd di.-i
. . .
sion
_ _ _ _ _
,_J
_ __ _ __,, 1
lr
17,2 Chcc><Poin1 occun
ttSU lts
'1UT/ITIONS in encl
from
that l'ncodr C(ll1~ctt Cell Cl(clc. ~-
N('N SCC/ionr 'I en, Nall . de
rtirn thrq fOll'II morrrJ Cf crtlr caued r..... -.. I - at thernd Cf G2 phOs t ~
nt'kl n,rm t.an e Sections
If dMding c~, NOii SCP Q,m e(/Nauid un<k"!"
b(fa,r- the lft1Jr4 don 't (1,v'1
qu1cl rn~u~~t tn
th ( TUH ORS • con 1roC1 rb caner, l r ~ Ch!Cll for DNA do~oqr lt~U l llt:l,c
\ Ldisearc 1 uNroNr@ufD cu1
STEn Cf llc
I
ROltlNS Pto9ttttion = DIVISION
i,ouqritrr c<'f/f StParated thNJ WWc%it11./ ,tplOctd !) L .l
~NA ,tptira\;on . durto rnanqcr
ding rJt1lrr
osm otk ll(S 5ft0 m me
Slrr oun
TOTIPOTEN r
1 ;--. J ctl/ s,z.e ,n Oct; rft'J cf
1roct inq to flGEING 9amctriJ, )
cJ mr,osis l1 '<If CJ/err tt!]uiato,r
(an «r ' •ll" ··h
" • U< 01e
~ \._ Ott FOnn
d•ffttmtl~ to nom,0.1 Wt! q tht h,rl,
,
. onlij prt~nrh0-- } ed • st aq . ,_ _ ---- ,
- ~ . ~
,n 111arrrn11ts ,n on ,_J , ' . ,-J
und in 5trm crll ...- -._ _/ . . . ran promot e divid e ma n'"
1gno1tcS1gna1.r l con fT\Ot fQClOrJ
cth c1,
finr ft'I'-< dm s,ons"f '_,) _ro • ear1 morula
otc _E,O TEN C Y und 1ff!t-ennatcd• t"' d,n
nuc1rus
dr1 t!'fic t f1t1 0s1 s 1 \ . . l D01 r11t in rn,to s,s .,.hr tt all
bf tn,g ~M lhC ( IJ'l Orf tim trth a~a
ltl1in9 Hlc_r11 to oNr , grtlW1h
cs Sho ~1 d rd
trnb llJO
dc~IOP into z4q iroio~tt•
VOf'l/inq abiUIIJcf
)iunrprc,al.iscd gamttt1
,d .011 , Htios,s atto thrchti>mosomnd11 1 • OLiqn ntw oiood Mll' m1 ccubcfOrt'
j Stopd;vid•n9 unUkt bod ~ w 1,
r l e n r lflf t ,_, [1!;: ,.. ,., :l ct-,!d to SP• '5oth(CJ ca11 loSioq tht!r(apocih
pttJdUW 4 dau9nttr REg
~~Hq ro _
Ip1jcm,a on~ Cf tnr WIS o Ql q thHOI
und ,n ontrnbi'lj_ IU
~rrm cet1 1to
tf_to,n he 011 q t11~;~
0 0
01111s,0 N ,nd d·rn·sion ,- .
lm; rosi s ,,,- 11 1tSS t1s
9rt(1J(l/qtn• to dlv1dc ,..,
i
7d
Htf diffcrrntiateinto gcnri cr11s llot orcu, uno- 1 thlr nurn ·tntt onot unango
~rt~%m1ro- tmbnioruccr - iiiur O b,ut~ to . " . ~
I - __
SP('Cialistd mt • 1 to1, , hoPP cns con be
invo111td divide~ m,to fif .. , --.1
P0111 cr 1Jomo109ous 1im1ta,
to m 4c4Ucc/ ANGIOGE'N£SIS "'1fr!IS1Anc so APOPTOSIS l pr<>9ro_m-c :1
crl_' droth) unae, ccna .t,""5
Labte ro unde,gorell dm 5ro n
t .,.
t4pc1 r' . -
Lt ""t t -=1' cc-II ove chromosome, Ott ---- COl'l mig1t1tr to othe r qer thlS:n
, ron fl)rm 1
al/
Pl UR\ PQffNT ~
t4pcrqc~riited
,,., r and ovtr
L; . SOUl'(.t ,., neH cetlr nfWIQIZ
/ fl)<: sr~ rort ct ifl/o Ht/ .
--:- ---I
II pail{ ~ chl'l
pttrtnr ,n each
dauqhte• eel' OH'
lma lld!
_ ~
Pao-s ~ tt\e bod11~ 1-ih•C h "'a.
a nun,,,;u ectl
id vrg
1
~
1,s1urt4J)(\ th -r
th
to /lltCrmtd•ot< ·· _ 11 Tel~
. C' . C1
t \..
can no 1 .,/ l . \. onqinr q
cnt ,n diffcrtnt tt1fl(l
diffrttntiare ,nro a
j (imitrd numi:c- q. crll
gdruH1
t-.c opmcnr
{
RFT [R Ortcm
t I "" ' on/~ cor11o;n r
u~~r:itaq qrr ;r ro s jaro
r-ed
~ ).
4 ;ff\ ,I '
.
\ ·~
,: ,. So.mHJIClopha!C
-1.
,"""1, .. .. .,.
. .
tissue rtp air . crudif nrn!iotrJ
.._
rom i ':''=>~ c pt:tJ
a)
:.-.
l'()rl4 tmb npl Cf wrot!in an
Nt"\
1 ·
1010 forms 4 hoptoid '- ~ l~;J~ ~II tncn
organ•
c:::'~hertart a1so orqonis. ,
ljpr i it .IOlfl thr
ob1h l1Lto tt H~
dauqhtcr Wit in tdtal Mi d Prop - "
lQ/c n,r,h alt 1 l• occun•the
fth1ca1 issurJ MULJ/pQT lf!r chQnct ti imn,unc
rtmtion if rotrn frt>m enc ~1 '15 Pt eia li1cd• (Oll't_(hOOIJ'
. divi de, rntm Jhe Go phair + OSf
Sarrt os Pfltlphosr in mito s;s but
MrtaPhasr f
~ ,t ,;
~Etl U CllOl
chromos ome
'I cf
l
1amc pnu~nt . r pa, r AnaphC!St 1
sou~ \
hotd _to_ilOl~tc•
IW eth,ccll 1ssucr1nvoivcd dif
f~n tlo tio n is ncctISOt'lJ
l ctlll in mu1ticr11u10,
/ tht homo10 ous rhromos ornr Same as metaphose lll! homotooous nu~ • to f <trm
/
d,ff!'rrnt,ation II up. form,nq0~ IVIIL£NTS in mitoi;;s f~ctpt hOITIJloQous ch~mosomeJ orf
lt
.~ t (rill haw- Od tcd
trm t ro1'Winan or oni ms
s rlolirr to ,.
f Cross,ng "'~ can occur
d,p101d
!(Orte d • DI- ct,romosoll'lf, n\it mbtc a1ong PUll( d to op Jt(l)O'lCI hOp101d ,s
) r tot1 ~.:'1~ \._
'Tissue(adu lt) st°" '
Slrm renr Ort Uft for Ol'l] to diff
to~~on ~iff t ~I rOltJ in . / .1'5
JG' h• mt lOPhOSt PIOtt inS ttOd q'
Ern bni onic stem TYP E I OJ A8E1H ( Qnism • 10 ~01-C
r1 t orqonf cr -. tnrc~romob~ toy comptm~
ct!IS - prm ~t thl'QUghout monv
<;ha per t 111CJ + t1Hu · indi vidu ol ch" 'mo som
}tint lO tuch oth "'T't lOphos
u1n ~ound rn boll( mom:iw rt{lei•mmdtlt A ha ~
ce11s unc q:!tl) contain di fettnl alian tntthrotljfCJ hOrt no I - -
1 pttsrnt at Q rttlj . ,, • Sam, 01 tt1~p hO!r
f Ma mm ~ ,
ram, stoqr (1 CITlblljO ltCO mult lpOI Clll
n b! oro1ir1011~ triqqcrtd
1 ~l'l:;rnirn~ orqa nc11
5
cr
OUCIOlf Or o~qonttlcf 10 tnc9
havta Pro pho sr ;t
\:ta 11~; ,n ~~t th~
.
.I , -,, . in mito sis.
. C1J!ok1ncsis rr5UII.!
dt\1'.lopmmt p~rr nt produc,ng crllr SPIN~l INJ\JR1£ ctn q 110 doqJ - nw l to be • Thr chro
mosomr (11ill
ond rn1r ue; ---,: ---c :,--
'find,,;dU01ch<0rnos ,
d J00!> 90Sll r ~ ,...,_. ~ ,. doug hier c.en, -
'1rto~hasr ~
me puri \.it!!p drJc pu11e .,
lOf ltra wttr thr mQlf to beco Lrtl(ottd mo!{mm t ~ch rom ot bci... :i , , "-" ,,
lunporcntcy intht PQOCttaJ ttp1accd cons-ronttij poirf oftcrd111s,on <f ThCi, will be hop lOfd
~yst l~ lio br toke rou h, nd limbs tbc-comr YJm ,,, aga in . a.
~g \\~~ nowUl Neu troPhilr lil't for 6 hou1
to 1-+ Ott The 1nd1 nd ua1 ction -:-
n f\'l7ll'I domoqed bone marw,,J ...}luc ltor m11r1op r rnos om,r ommb1e on Jis. the ctnt rom trtl
. , ~ dur td redu
= a kI down• spindle chm • a1soqmrtrra114
rona _111ho hod
~rel/I art ,n
lliCO I cord q, otwoom rorc1 1 rtplo u d b stcn, ulli in the
4 . p1otr U llr mitO ~ same or : " . Pot mlc tll
thr pluripottnr 11aqc umb SP1n a1 4 h ti
lf'¥c.ction fOl'l1lOtion bfqint
thr mcta phQ St
O\'tr tne tico/ 10 ano)>h(UCm1n
• •
d1fftlt nt from tiic hot Nr. Pfndent
babier our .to cross,nqlont 1 tOilr
due tt, cross ngovtr+ tndfarro
hic dc~ ~~ ,n~ ~rs ~t~ ~~_ . . thronoatid1 ore no Q)" )tr i(i!n r1tntni
sn: 1 1 SP' Bll?l\WS 9$ptti5~n·gypn
