Teas 6 Science – Complete Study Guide

anatomy: - is the study of structure physiology: - studies the function of body structures - explain how anatomy differs from physiology microscopic anatomy: - examines structures that cannot be viewed by the unaided eye - describe microscopic anatomy 1. cytology - cellular anatomy; study of single body cells & their internal structures 2. histology - study of tissues; examines how groups of specialized cells & their products function for a common purpose - describe the 2 subdivisions of microscopic anatomy gross anatomy: - macroscopic anatomy; investigates the structure & relationships of large body parts that are visible to the unaided eye - define gross anatomy 1. comparative anatomy - similarities/differences in anatomy of diff. species 2. developmental anatomy - changes in structure w/in an ind. from conception through maturity 3. embryology anatomy - developmental changes occurring prior to birth 4. regional anatomy - examines all structures in particular region of body as one complete unit 5. surface anatomy - both superficial anatomic markings & internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them 6. systemic anatomy - studies gross anatomy of each system in the body 7. pathologic anatomy - examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease 8. radiographic anatomy - studies relationships among internal structure that may be visualized by medical imaging procedures (MRI etc.) 9. surgical anatomy - investigates anatomical landmarks used before & after surgery - compare & contrast the sub-disciplines of gross anatomy structure dictates function - explain the relationship between structure & function chemical level - atoms & molecules cellular level - cells tissue level - precise organizations of similar cells organ level - organs that contain 2+ tissue types that work together organ system level - consists of related organs that work together to achieve a common function organismal level - all body systems function interdependently in a single living human (organism) - identify the 6 major levels of organization in the human body, & describe the major characteristic of each level organization - all organisms exhibit complex struct. & order metabolism - all organisms carry out various chemical reactions growth & development - during lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from environment & exhibit increased size (growth) & increased specialization as related to form & function (development) excretion - need to rid our bodies of what we put in them responsiveness - all organisms sense & respond to changes in their internal or external environment adaptation - over period of time, an organism may alter an anatomic structure, physiologic process, or behavioral trait to increase its expected long-term reproductive success regulation - control & regulatory mechanisms within an organism maintain a consistent internal environment (homeostasis) reproduction - all organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, & repair - organisms produce sex cells (gametes) which can develop into a new living organism - list & describe the characteristics of life anatomic position: - individual stands upright, feet parallel & flat on floor, head is level, eyes look forward, arms at either side with palms facing forward, & thumbs pointing away from body *observers have a common point of reference when describing & discussing its regions; all functional & directional terms refer to the body in anatomic position - demonstrate the anatomical position & explain its significance Coronal/Frontal: - divides body in anterior & posterior halves Midsagittal: - divides body down the midline of body Transverse: - divides body into superior & inferior halves - define the 3 anatomical planes Ventral Cavity: - thoracic cavity - abdominopelvic cavity - identify the major cavities of the body Thoracic cavity: - mediastinum - pleural cavity - pericardial cavity - pericardial cavity - diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity - abdominal cavity - pelvic cavity - identify the subdivision of the thoracic cavity & the abdominopelvic cavity The brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of which two veins? Ans ~ internal jugular vein and subclavian vein pacemaker of the heart Ans ~ Sinoatrial node Vitamin A, also known as ____, is a ____ vitamin. It's deficiency can lead to ____. Ans ~ Retinol, fat soluble, nightblindness Platelets are removed from? Ans ~ The spleen and liver Kidneys remove what from the blood? Ans ~ Salts Fat is metabolized where? Ans ~ The liver A person is frightened. What reaction occurs next? Ans ~ Liver cells release glucose into the bloodstream (epinephrine causes liver cells to break down glycogen) Lysosomes are used for Ans ~ Recycling material no longer needed in cells What do nucleolus do? Ans ~ Assemble the ribosomes What is a sesamoid bone? Ans ~ Patellae (are short bones) Which chemical compound prevents lungs from collapsing Ans ~ Surfactant (is a lipopolysacharide & keeps the lungs inflated The use of an electron microscope would most benefit the study of? Ans ~ The structure of cellular organelles Which artery directly supplied oxygenated blood to the reproductive system Ans ~ Gonadal artery (gonads and male reproduction) Ligament holds Ans ~ Bone to bone Tendons hold Ans ~ Muscle to bone The shape of villi and microvilli facilitates Ans ~ Increased surface area and absorption Which cell type is responsible for the production of soluble antibodies? Ans ~ B-cells (It is apart of the humoral response to antigens) Demyelinization results in Ans ~ Disrupted propagation of an action potential along the axon of a nerve cell The rib is a ________ bone Ans ~ Flat The tarsals are_________ bones Ans ~ Short The humerus is a _______ bone Ans ~ Long The vertebrae are___________ bomes Ans ~ Irregular Normal human zygotes have _____chromosomes Ans ~ 46 chromosomes Cell membrane has a Ans ~ Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins T-cells mature in the Ans ~ Thymus B-cells mature in Ans ~ Bone marrow Adrenal & hypothalamus Ans ~ Hormones!!! Actin & Ans ~ Myosin We can characterize the human organisms as Ans ~ Heterotrophic with a genome stored in DNA What Biomolecules can influence the rate of specific chemical reactions within the living cell Ans ~ Proteins Mouth breaks down Ans ~ Starch Stomach breaks down Ans ~ Proteins Ca + H2SO4 the product of this is Ans ~ Calcium sulfate What produces progesterone for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy Ans ~ The corpus Luteum Positive feedback is causing the release of more Ans ~ Ex: oxytocin causes an increase in uterine muscle contractions, causing the posterior pituitary to release more oxytocin What do the lymph nodes do? Ans ~ Filter debris from intercellular space Cardiac muscles uses Ans ~ Aerobic respiration in mitochondria for energy Protons + neutrons = Ans ~ Mass # Where is the voice box located Ans ~ In the larynx Atrophy means Ans ~ To increase in size The nervous system consists of what 2 parts Ans ~ Peripheral & central Seminal vesicles Ans ~ Secrete alkaline fluids with proteins and mucus into the ejaculatory duct Cytoskeleton function Ans ~ Movement Function of kidney Ans ~ Removes waste from blood to retain electrolytes and water Fight or flight Ans ~ Sympathetic N.S Tuberculosis Ans ~ Mycobacterium Reactant ---___________ Ans ~ Reactant ---product Base Ans ~ Over 7 Acid Ans ~ Under 7 Section of digestion system responsible for water reabsorption Ans ~ Large intestines Responsible for blood flow and breathing Ans ~ Medulla oblongata Gland that is responsible for regulating calcium levels Ans ~ Parathyroid gland Part of Brain that interprets sensory info Ans ~ Cerebrum Controls voluntary & involuntary movement Ans ~ Cerebellum Cephalic menas Ans ~ Head Thoracic menas Ans ~ Chest Esophagus is Ans ~ Digestion Trachea is Ans ~ Respiratory Present in both aorta and pulmonary arteries, prevents backflow Ans ~ Semi lunar valve Is located between l. Atrium & ventricles Ans ~ Bicuspid or mitral Where is the tricuspid valve located? Ans ~ Between R. Atrium and ventricles Breakdown of fat begins In Ans ~ Small intestines Artery that supplies blood to headt Ans ~ Coronary What tube carries both sperm and urine to be released from body Ans ~ Urethra B-lymphocytes make....? Ans ~ Antibodies that are triggered when vaccinated Peristalsis uses _________ type of muscle Ans ~ Smooth muscle Immune cells are produced in Ans ~ Bone marrow Gastrula is Ans ~ The stage of embryological development in the main germ layer Stomach --- duodenum (S.I) ---- Ans ~ Ileocecal valve in large intestines Ribosomes Ans ~ Protein synthesis What organ filters digestion products and produces urea as waster Ans ~ The liver 3 layers of skin that all contain blood vessels Ans ~ Epidermis(most superficial), dermis, subcutaneous fat Synovial joint Ans ~ In a capsule with synovial fluid Ex: humerus and scapula Nucleus Ans ~ Stores DNA and tells the cell what it's function is Mycosis Ans ~ Fungus Cystic fibrosis Ans ~ Genetic disorder that affects lungs and other organs (causes difficulty breathing and coughing up sputum.. can be a lung infection Golgi apparatus Ans ~ Packages protein Anion Ans ~ Negatively charged atom Site of synthesis of red blood cells Ans ~ Bone marrow Osmosis Ans ~ Movement of H2o from high to low concentration How to get the # of neutrons? Ans ~ Subtracts atomic mass from atomic # Organism -- organ system -- organs --- tissues ---- ? Ans ~ Cells In respiratory system responsible for removing foreign mattee Ans ~ Cilia (little tiny hairs in bronchial tubes) Epithelial tissue is ________ &____________ Ans ~ Cell shape and cell layer Pad between vertebrae that provides support Ans ~ Cartilage How many organ systems are there? Ans ~ 11 Nervous system that is responsible for lowering heart rate Ans ~ Parasympathetic Lowest blood pressure A. Arteries b. Arterioles c. Venules D. Veins Ans ~ C Milli means Ans ~ .001 Liquid to gas Ans ~ Vaporization What tool measures mass of sample Ans ~ Triple beam balance A protein that interferes with virus production Ans ~ Interferon What is the spleen used for Ans ~ Filtering micro organisms and other foreign objects from blood Most muscular heart chamber Ans ~ L. Ventricle What is the structure underneath each rib in descending order? Ans ~ Vein, artery, nerve System that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide Ans ~ Respiratory system Gas exchange occurs where in the body Ans ~ Alveoli Mitochondria Ans ~ Converts energy Cystic fibrosis is caused by a Ans ~ Gene mutatikn Influenza is caused by Ans ~ Coronavirus