N5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Inflammation, Altered Immunity and
Infection
Core Concepts Objectives with Advanced Organizers
Immune System
1.Examine the structure and function of the immune system.
a.Describe how the normal function of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte cells differ.
i.T Cells- Cell mediated immunity. 1.“cluster of differentiation”
2.CD4 cells- t-helper or t4 cells
a.Release lymphokines to begin inflammatory process
b.Mediate delayed sensitivity. (TB skin test).
3.CD8 cells aka t cells, killer t, and t8.
a.Kill viruses by releasing cytotoxic chemicals
4.Memory T
a.Remember the antigen and respond quicker and stronger
after 1st exposure.
5.T Regulatory
a.Slow or stop immune response once initiated.
ii.B cells- humoral immunity. 1.Mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
a.Differentiate between function of humoral and cell mediated immunity and describe the implications for practice.
i.Humoral Immunity 1.B cells.
2.Fights viral infections, toxins, pneumococci, meningococci, and
haemophilus.
ii. Cell Mediated 1.T cells.
2.Fungal, parasitic, tumors.
3.Responsible for organ transplant rejections.
b.Describe the difference between active acquired immunity and passive acquired immunity and the implications for health promotion.
i.Active Acquired Immunity- (vaccines) 1.After exposure in antigen.
2.Improves with repeat exposure.
ii.Passive Acquired Immunity. 1.Obtained after antibodies (bcells) are transferred to recipient.
2.Ex- mother to fetus via placenta or breast milk.
iii.Artificial Passive Immunity. (fake immunity) Function Type of T-lymphocyte Cells1.Receiving antibodies AFTER exposure
2.Rabies, tetanus, hepatitis, snake bites.
3.Lasts as long as antibodies live, 2 weeks.
c.Evaluate the purpose of the terms and describe the importance to clinical practice.
•Antigen oMolecule that can react with antibodies or antigen receptors on B and
T cells.
•Self-antigen. oAppropriate in size, has adequate chemical complexity, and is presents in sufficient quantity, but isn’t foreign to body.
oDoesn’t elicit immune response.
•Allergens. oProduce allergic response.
2.Evaluate the role and function of the cells of the immune system.
a.Evaluate the structure and function of the antibodies produced by the B-
lymphocyte cells and describe the implications for clinical practice.
Type of B-Lymphocyte
CellsFunction Implications for Clinical Practice
IgA-CHOO
Think sneezing.Secretions and mucous
membranes.
Prevents microorganism
attachment to mucous membranes.
IGA1-blood IGA2-secretionsA secretory piece inside mucosal epithelial cells protects IGA against degradation from enzymes
in secretions.
I gM-MEGA Think largest.Early primary immune
response.
Presents as a pentamer and
is stabilized by joining a chain.High levels= recent infection. Synthesized early in neonates, may be responsible for infection
in utero.
IgG-gobs and gobs. Most abundant CROSSES PLACENTASecondary immune
response.
Viruses, bacteria, Toxins.Levels rise due to exposure to
antigen.
Maternal IgG is major antibody
found in fetus and newborn.
IgE-eetsy beetsy. Least abundant.Binds to mast, eosinophils,
and basophils.Mediator of allergic reaction.
Defense against parasitic infx’s.
b.Evaluate the function of the following T-Lymphocyte cells. T-cytotoxic cells Kill virus, tumor, and allograft (transplant)
infected cells.
CD8, Killer T, T8 Release Cytotoxic chemicals to destroy cell
membrane= apoptosis.
NK Killer cells Lymphoid cells that compliment T cells. Don’t undergo maturation in thymus and don’t have antigen specific receptors.
Express inhibitory receptors and bind to cell
releasing MHC class 1.
T-Regulatory cells Slow or stop immune response.
Prevents overreaction of foreign and self-
antigens.
T-Helper cells T4 cells.
Mediate delayed hypersensitivity
(TB)Activate macrophages, b cells, cytotoxic t cells,
and other cd4 cells.
TH1 and TH2(subgroup of cells) release lymphokines to begin inflammatory process.
c.Differentiate between the roles of B-Lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in the recognition and processing of antigens.
Type of Cell Role in the Processing of Antigens
B-Lymphocytes B cell receptor (BCR) is on surface of B
Lymphocytes.
BCR recognizes antigen then communicates
info to cell’s nucleus.
IgA and IgB are in b cell receptors and provide intracellular signals to activate the b
cell and complete its maturation and production of antibodies.
T-lymphocytes T cell receptors (TCR) are composed of antibody like transmembrane protein and a
group of accessory proteins that involve intracellular signaling.
TCR-recognizes and binds.
Accessory proteins-intracellular signaling necessary for activation and differentiation of
t cell.
d.Describe the role of T-Helper Lymphocytes in the immune response.
i.TH cell directly interacts with antigen presenting cells.
ii.TH cell undergoes differentiation process when cytokine genes are activated
iii.Mature T cells interacts with either immunocompetent b or t cells to enhance response to antigen which=plasma cells or effector t cells.
Inflammation, Altered Immunity and
Infection
Core Concepts Objectives with Advanced Organizers
Immune System
1.Examine the structure and function of the immune system.
a.Describe how the normal function of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte cells differ.
i.T Cells- Cell mediated immunity. 1.“cluster of differentiation”
2.CD4 cells- t-helper or t4 cells
a.Release lymphokines to begin inflammatory process
b.Mediate delayed sensitivity. (TB skin test).
3.CD8 cells aka t cells, killer t, and t8.
a.Kill viruses by releasing cytotoxic chemicals
4.Memory T
a.Remember the antigen and respond quicker and stronger
after 1st exposure.
5.T Regulatory
a.Slow or stop immune response once initiated.
ii.B cells- humoral immunity. 1.Mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
a.Differentiate between function of humoral and cell mediated immunity and describe the implications for practice.
i.Humoral Immunity 1.B cells.
2.Fights viral infections, toxins, pneumococci, meningococci, and
haemophilus.
ii. Cell Mediated 1.T cells.
2.Fungal, parasitic, tumors.
3.Responsible for organ transplant rejections.
b.Describe the difference between active acquired immunity and passive acquired immunity and the implications for health promotion.
i.Active Acquired Immunity- (vaccines) 1.After exposure in antigen.
2.Improves with repeat exposure.
ii.Passive Acquired Immunity. 1.Obtained after antibodies (bcells) are transferred to recipient.
2.Ex- mother to fetus via placenta or breast milk.
iii.Artificial Passive Immunity. (fake immunity) Function Type of T-lymphocyte Cells1.Receiving antibodies AFTER exposure
2.Rabies, tetanus, hepatitis, snake bites.
3.Lasts as long as antibodies live, 2 weeks.
c.Evaluate the purpose of the terms and describe the importance to clinical practice.
•Antigen oMolecule that can react with antibodies or antigen receptors on B and
T cells.
•Self-antigen. oAppropriate in size, has adequate chemical complexity, and is presents in sufficient quantity, but isn’t foreign to body.
oDoesn’t elicit immune response.
•Allergens. oProduce allergic response.
2.Evaluate the role and function of the cells of the immune system.
a.Evaluate the structure and function of the antibodies produced by the B-
lymphocyte cells and describe the implications for clinical practice.
Type of B-Lymphocyte
CellsFunction Implications for Clinical Practice
IgA-CHOO
Think sneezing.Secretions and mucous
membranes.
Prevents microorganism
attachment to mucous membranes.
IGA1-blood IGA2-secretionsA secretory piece inside mucosal epithelial cells protects IGA against degradation from enzymes
in secretions.
I gM-MEGA Think largest.Early primary immune
response.
Presents as a pentamer and
is stabilized by joining a chain.High levels= recent infection. Synthesized early in neonates, may be responsible for infection
in utero.
IgG-gobs and gobs. Most abundant CROSSES PLACENTASecondary immune
response.
Viruses, bacteria, Toxins.Levels rise due to exposure to
antigen.
Maternal IgG is major antibody
found in fetus and newborn.
IgE-eetsy beetsy. Least abundant.Binds to mast, eosinophils,
and basophils.Mediator of allergic reaction.
Defense against parasitic infx’s.
b.Evaluate the function of the following T-Lymphocyte cells. T-cytotoxic cells Kill virus, tumor, and allograft (transplant)
infected cells.
CD8, Killer T, T8 Release Cytotoxic chemicals to destroy cell
membrane= apoptosis.
NK Killer cells Lymphoid cells that compliment T cells. Don’t undergo maturation in thymus and don’t have antigen specific receptors.
Express inhibitory receptors and bind to cell
releasing MHC class 1.
T-Regulatory cells Slow or stop immune response.
Prevents overreaction of foreign and self-
antigens.
T-Helper cells T4 cells.
Mediate delayed hypersensitivity
(TB)Activate macrophages, b cells, cytotoxic t cells,
and other cd4 cells.
TH1 and TH2(subgroup of cells) release lymphokines to begin inflammatory process.
c.Differentiate between the roles of B-Lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in the recognition and processing of antigens.
Type of Cell Role in the Processing of Antigens
B-Lymphocytes B cell receptor (BCR) is on surface of B
Lymphocytes.
BCR recognizes antigen then communicates
info to cell’s nucleus.
IgA and IgB are in b cell receptors and provide intracellular signals to activate the b
cell and complete its maturation and production of antibodies.
T-lymphocytes T cell receptors (TCR) are composed of antibody like transmembrane protein and a
group of accessory proteins that involve intracellular signaling.
TCR-recognizes and binds.
Accessory proteins-intracellular signaling necessary for activation and differentiation of
t cell.
d.Describe the role of T-Helper Lymphocytes in the immune response.
i.TH cell directly interacts with antigen presenting cells.
ii.TH cell undergoes differentiation process when cytokine genes are activated
iii.Mature T cells interacts with either immunocompetent b or t cells to enhance response to antigen which=plasma cells or effector t cells.
