Test Bank for Health and Health Care Delivery in Canada 3rd Edition by Thompson

Test Bank for Health and Health Care Delivery in Canada 3rd Edition by Thompson Chapter 01: The History of Health Care in Canada Thompson: Health and Health Care Delivery in Canada, 3rd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When and where was Canada’s first medical school established? a. Saskatoon, in 1868 b. Ottawa, in 1867 c. Montreal, in 1825 d. Kingston, in 1855 ANS: C Feedback A Incorrect: The first medical school was not established in Saskatoon in 1868. B Incorrect: The first medical school was not established in Ottawa in 1867. C Correct: The first medical school in Canada was established in 1825 in Montreal. D Incorrect: The first medical school was not established in Kingston in 1855. PTS: 1 2. In 1834, William Kelly deduced which public health principle? a. Vaccination can successfully eradicate smallpox. b. Education is directly related to health. c. Quarantine effectively contains infections. d. Sanitation and disease are related. ANS: D Feedback A Incorrect: William Kelly did not deduce that smallpox could be eliminated with a vaccine. B Incorrect: William Kelly did not deduce that education level was related to health. C Incorrect: William Kelly did not introduce quarantine to contain disease. D Correct: William Kelly suspected a relationship between sanitation and disease and deduced that water might be a source of contamination. PTS: 1 3. Which of the following volunteer organizations was involved in the evolution of health care in Cana a. The Order of St. John b. The Veterans Society c. The St. Andrew’s Society d. The Canadian Nurses Association ANS: A 1.236 year? 4. What did the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act (1957) propose? a. Provinces without a health insurance plan must pay additional federal tax. b. Provinces and territories with a health insurance plan would receive substantial funding from the federal government. c. Certain services would no longer be funded by the federal government. d. Physicians would be allowed to charge a fee for service to the client. ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act did not propose an increase in tax for provinces without a plan. B Correct: Under the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act (1957), provinces and territories with a health insurance plan would have funding matched by the federal government by 50 cents for every dollar. C Incorrect: The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act did not propose the removal of insured medical services. D Incorrect: The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act did not allow physicians to charge a fee for service. PTS: 1 5. What major change in political thinking occurred in post–World War II Canada in relation to health a. Universities should educate more nurses. b. The government should not be required to provide access to primary health care. c. Individual families should be responsible for absorbing the cost of health care. d. Governments should be responsible for providing basic services like health care. ANS: D Feedback A Incorrect: The need to educate more nurses was not part of post–World War II thinking in Canada. B Incorrect: The lack of responsibility of the government to provide health care was not part of post–World War II thinking in Canada. C Incorrect: The belief that families should bear the cost of health care was not part of the political thinking in post–World War II Canada. D Correct: In post–World War II Canada, and in the aftermath of a depression, the thinking shifted to the idea that governments had an obligation to provide Canadians with a better standard of living, including access to quality health care. PTS: 1 6. What important act was passed by the government of Tommy Douglas in Saskatchewan in 1947? a. The Hospital Insurance Act b. The Medical Care Act c. The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act d. The Canada Health Act ANS: A Incorrect: The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act was not passed 1.236 year? 7. What important recommendation was embodied in the Hall Report? a. Individuals should take responsibility for some of their health care costs. b. Preventive health measures would be a wise investment. c. Extra billing should not be part of Canada’s health care system. d. Provinces should retain full control as well as financial responsibility for health care. ANS: C Feedback A Incorrect: The Hall Report did not propose that individuals pay for some of their health care costs. B Incorrect: The Hall Report did not propose that preventive health measures would be a wise investment. C Correct: The Hall Report recommended an end to extra billing and suggested that, instead, doctors be allowed to operate entirely outside of the Medical Care Act. D Incorrect: The Hall Report did not propose that provinces should retain all financial responsibility for health care. PTS: 1 8. Why did the Established Programs Financing (EPF) mechanism of funding become inadequate for h a. The government imposed many corporate tax cuts. b. Health care spending increased dramatically, causing provincial and territorial overspending. c. The cost of education took up more dollars than had been anticipated. d. The population of Canada increased much faster than was anticipated. ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: Tax cuts did not cause the inadequacy of funding. B Correct: In the few years following the introduction of the EPF Act, health care spending continued to increase dramatically, resulting in provincial and territorial overspending and necessitating cuts to health care. C Incorrect: Education cost was not the reason for inadequate health care funds. D Incorrect: The population increase was not the reason for inadequate funding of health care. PTS: 1 9. Which of the following is a main principle of the Canada Health Act? a. Health insurance should cover 100% of dental care. b. Health insurance should cover all medical services. c. All residents of Canada should be provided with health care. d. Eligible Canadians should receive accessible health care. ANS: D Canadians, not every person living here. 1.236 year? 10. Which amendment to the Canada Health Act did the Romanow Report recommend? a. Canadians should pay user fees when they access the health care system. b. Funds for health care should be donated from private sources. c. The criterion of accountability should be added. d. Canadians in less accessible areas should pay a higher insurance premium. ANS: C Feedback A Incorrect: The Romanow Report did not recommend user fees. B Incorrect: The Romanow Report did not recommend funding for health care from private sources. C Correct: The Romanow Report recommended that the criterion of accountability should be added to the Canada Health Act. D Incorrect: The Romanow Report did not recommend that rural Canadians pay higher insurance for health care. PTS: 1 11. What was the main intent of the India Act (1867)? a. Registration of refugees from India. b. Recognition of the ‘Shaman’ as a powerful healer. c. Assimilation of Indigenous People. d. Elimination of smallpox. ANS: C Feedback A Incorrect: Registration of refugees from India was not the main intent of The India Act. B Incorrect: Recognition of the ‘Shaman’ as a powerful healer was not the intent of The India Act. C Correct: The British North American Act (1867) and the India Act (1867) set the stage for assimilation of Indigenous People, applying numerous restrictions to their practices and way of life. D Incorrect: The elimination of smallpox was not the intent of The India Act. PTS: 1 12. Which of the following countries is cited as having the largest number of refugees coming to Canada a. Syria. b. Afghanistan. c. Congo. d. Iraq. ANS: A Feedback A Correct: The largest number of refugees came from Syria with over 33,000 new Canadians. B Incorrect: The largest number of refugees in Canada did not come from Afghanistan. C Incorrect: The largest number of refugees in Canada did not come from Congo. D Incorrect: The largest number of refugees in Canada did not come from Iraq. PTS: 1 Downloaded by: YNA | Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? 14. What does the Indigenous medicine wheel represent? a. Body, mind, community and nature imbalances. b. Medicine Man, Shaman, herbal healers, and life-givers. c. Plants, herbs, roots, and fungi as treatments. d. Spiritual, physical, cognitive and emotional parts of a person. ANS: D Feedback A Incorrect: The medicine wheel does not represent body, mind, community and nature imbalances. B Incorrect: The medicine wheel does not represent the Medicine Man, Shaman, herbal healers, and life-givers. C Incorrect: The medicine wheel does not represent plants, herbs, roots, and fungi as treatments. D Correct: The medicine wheel represents four parts of a person – spiritual, physical, cognitive, and emotional. PTS: 1 15. Segregated hospitals for Indigenous People operated with little regard for traditional healing practice What disease initially lead to the establishment of segregated hospitals for Indigenous People? a. smallpox. b. tuberculosis. c. influenza. d. whooping cough. ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: The Segregated hospitals for Indigenous People were not initially established to segregate Indigenous People with smallpox. B Correct: The Segregated hospitals for Indigenous People were initially established to segregate Indigenous People with tuberculosis. C Incorrect: The Segregated hospitals for Indigenous People were not initially established to segregate Indigenous People with influenza. D Incorrect: The Segregated hospitals for Indigenous People were not initially established to segregate Indigenous People with whooping cough. PTS: 1 16. Which organization is part of a worldwide humanitarian network providing emergency aid and disas abroad? a. The Order of St. John. b. Canadian Blood Services. c. Victorian Order of Nurses. d. Canadian Red Cross. ANS: D humanitarian network providing emergency aid and disaster relief at home and 1.236 year? 17. At what level is the entry to practice for Registered Nurses in Canada (except Quebec). a. Baccalaureate. b. Diploma. c. Graduate. d. Certificate. ANS: A Feedback A Correct: The level of entry to practice for Registered Nurses in Canada (except Quebec) is a baccalaureate degree. B Incorrect: The level of entry to practice for Registered Nurses in Canada (except Quebec) is not a diploma. C Incorrect: The level of entry to practice for Registered Nurses in Canada (except Quebec) is not a graduate degree. D Incorrect: The level of entry to practice for Registered Nurses in Canada (except Quebec) is not a certificate. PTS: 1 18. When and where did Canada’s last residential school close? a. Saskatchewan, in 1996. b. Manitoba, in 1931. c. Saskatchewan, in 1968. d. Manitoba, in 1986. ANS: A Feedback A Correct: Canada’s last residential school closed in Saskatchewan in 1996. B Incorrect: Canada’s last residential school did not close in Manitoba in 1931. C Incorrect: Canada’s last residential school did not close in Saskatchewan in 1968. D Incorrect: Canada’s last residential school did not close in Manitoba in 1986. PTS: 1 19. Priorities identified in the Advancing the Mental Health Strategy for Canada: A Framework for Act strategies for which of the following? a. Management of health records. b. The opioid crisis. c. Access to psychiatrists. d. Health promotion. ANS: B 1.236 year? 20. In 2016, the federal minister of health met with first ministers to initiate talks on a new Canadian He outcome? a. No deal has been reached and negotiations are ongoing. b. To continue with the 2014 Accord. c. Each province and territory negotiated their own terms of agreement. d. All jurisdictions eventually accepted the initial offer. ANS: C Feedback A Incorrect: The outcome of the talks on the new Canadian Health Accord was not that no deal was reached and negotiations are ongoing. B Incorrect: The outcome of the talks on the new Canadian Health Accord was not to continue with the 2014 Accord. C Correct: The outcome of the talks on the new Canadian Health Accord was that each province and territory negotiated their own terms of agreement. D Incorrect: The outcome of the talks on the new Canadian Health Accord was not that all jurisdictions eventually accepted the initial offer. PTS: 1 Chapter 02: The Role of the Federal Government in Health Care Thompson: Health and Health Care Delivery in Canada, 3rd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following are criteria used by Health Canada to measure health? a. Quality of life, longevity, and perception of health status b. Longevity, lifestyle, and effective use of the public health care system c. Activity level, longevity, and nutritional status d. Education level, longevity, and proper medication use ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: Quality of life and medication use are not the criteria stated by Health Canada. B Correct: Longevity, lifestyle, and effective use of the public health care system are the criteria of health used in Health Canada’s mission statement. C Incorrect: Although activity level and nutritional status are implicated in health, they are not in the Health Canada definition. D Incorrect: Education level and medication use are not the criteria stated by Health Canada. 2. What is the federal government’s responsibility in relation to health care in Canada? a. To administer a national drug insurance plan b. To recruit medical personnel c. To provide financial support d. To administer a federal health insurance plan ANS: C Feedback A Incorrect: The federal government does not administer a drug insurance plan. B Incorrect: The federal government does not recruit personnel. C Correct: The primary responsibility of the federal government is to provide financial support to the provinces for health care. D Incorrect: The federal government does not administer a health insurance plan. 3. What is the primary function of the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR)? a. Directing and funding research b. Reviewing international research c. Setting ethical guidelines for research d. Obtaining funding for research from private companies ANS: A Feedback A Correct: The primary function of CIHR is directing and funding research. B Incorrect: Reviewing research from other countries is not the primary function of CIHR. C Incorrect: Setting ethical guidelines for research is not the primary function of CIHR. D Incorrect: Obtaining funding for research from private companies is not the primary function of CIHR. 4. Which of the following is a major role of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)? a. Promoting prenatal screening b. Ensuring Medicare coverage for all residents c. Ensuring equal access to health care d. Taking prompt action to contain viruses ANS: D Feedback A Incorrect: Promoting prenatal screening is not a mandate of PHAC. B Incorrect: Ensuring Medicare coverage for all residents is not a mandate of PHAC. C Incorrect: Ensuring equal access to health care is not a mandate of PHAC. D Correct: Taking prompt action to contain viruses is a major function of PHAC. 5. How does the World Health Organization (WHO) influence Health Canada? a. Funds Canadian vaccination campaigns b. Recommends actions regarding population health initiatives c. Ensures equal education standards for physicians d. Advises Health Canada on funding issues ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: WHO does not fund vaccination campaigns in Canada. B Correct: WHO recommends policies and actions regarding population health issues across the world. C Incorrect: WHO does not have input into physician education in Canada. D Incorrect: WHO does not advise Health Canada on funding issues. 6. What is the purpose of the World Health Assembly? a. To make policies for the World Health Organization (WHO) b. To put political pressure on governments regarding health care issues c. To evaluate and disseminate research d. To allow delegates to meet officials from pharmaceutical companies ANS: A Feedback A Correct: The main purpose of the World Health Assembly is to discuss polices for WHO and to approve budgets for program funding. B Incorrect: Putting political pressure on governments regarding health care issues is not the purpose of the World Health Assembly. C Incorrect: Evaluating research is not the purpose of the World Health Assembly. D Incorrect: Allowing delegates to meet officials from pharmaceutical companies is not the purpose of the World Health Assembly. 7. Which of the following is an independent agency of Health Canada that reports directly to the minister of health? a. Audit and Accountability Bureau (AAB) b. Departmental Secretariat c. Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB) d. Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) ANS: D Feedback A Incorrect: The Audit and Accountability Bureau (AAB) is not an independent agency. The AAB is Health Canada’s internal monitoring system. B Incorrect: The Departmental Secretariat is not an independent agency. It is an internal service of Health Canada that acts as the link between the executive (appointed) and the political (elected) levels. C Incorrect: The Health Products and Food Branch is not an independent agency. The HPFB is an external service of Health Canada that oversees several bureaus and directorates. D Correct: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) is an independent agency of Health Canada that reports directly to the minister of health. 8. Which of the following is an international agency that deals with Health Canada on health issues? a. North American Treaty Organization b. The National Health Service c. The Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) d. Doctors without Borders ANS: C Feedback A Incorrect: The North American Treaty Organization does not deal with Health Canada. B Incorrect: The National Health Service does not deal with Health Canada. C Correct: The PAHO deals with Health Canada on health issues, acting as a regional office for the World Health Organization (WHO). D Incorrect: Doctors without Borders does not deal with Health Canada. 9. What describes a sustained, worldwide transmission of an infectious disease such as the H1N1 influenza A infections that occurred in 2009? a. Outbreak b. Pandemic c. Epidemic d. Trans epidemic ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: An outbreak refers to a sudden flare up of an infectious disease either globally or within a specific region, or as a localized event. B Correct: A pandemic refers to a sustained, worldwide transmission of an infectious disease. C Incorrect: An epidemic refers to an occurrence when the incidence of an infectious disease rises (usually suddenly) above the average or expected number of cases within a specific geographical area. D Incorrect: A trans epidemic is not a term used to describe a sustained, worldwide transmission of an infectious disease. 10. What is the purpose of the Opioid Response Team? a. To fund research concerning mental health and opioid addictions. b. To oversee the safe, legal production, use and distribution of opioids in Canada. c. To set out policies and recommendations for responding to Canada’s opioid crisis. d. To oversee opioid treatment programs in the workplace in Canada. ANS: C Feedback A Incorrect: The purpose of the Opioid Response Team is not to fund research concerning mental health and opioid addictions. B Incorrect: The purpose of the Opioid Response Team is not to oversee the safe, legal production, use and distribution of opioids in Canada. C Correct: The purpose of the Opioid Response Team is to set out policies and recommendations for responding to Canada’s opioid crisis. D Incorrect: The purpose of the Opioid Response Team is not to oversee opioid treatment programs in the workplace in Canada. 11. What was the main outcome of Jordon’s Principle? a. Health care services of Indigenous children are now prioritized over payment issues. b. Non-insured health benefits are being phased out. c. Development of environmental containment policies. d. Creation of programs to provide information about risky behaviours such as tobacco, drug, and alcohol use. ANS: A Feedback A Correct: The main outcome of Jordon’s Principle was that health care services of Indigenous children are now prioritized over payment issues. B Incorrect: The main outcome of Jordon’s Principle was not phasing out of Non- insured health benefits. C Incorrect: The main outcome of Jordon’s Principle was not the development of environmental containment policies. D Incorrect: The main outcome of Jordon’s Principle was not the creation of programs to provide information about risky behaviours such as tobacco, drug, and alcohol use. 12. Jaylin is a refugee living in Alberta who has not yet established residency in Canada. Who is responsible for the payment of Jaylin’s health care? a. Jaylin b. Health Canada c. the government of Alberta d. the Order of St. John ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: The responsibility for the payment of health care for refugees who have not established residency in Canada is not the refugee. B Correct: The responsibility for the payment of health care for refugees who have not established residency in Canada is the Interim Federal Health Program of Health Canada. C Incorrect: The responsibility for the payment of health care for refugees who have not established residency in Canada is not the provincial or territorial government where the refugee resides. D Incorrect: The responsibility for the payment of health care for refugees who have not established residency in Canada is not the Order of St. John. 13. What crisis led to significant changes to the guideline for planning in the event of an influenza pandemic in Canada? a. Immunization syndrome (IS) b. Zika Viral Disease (ZVD) c. Ebola Viral Disease (EVD) d. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) ANS: D Feedback A Incorrect: Immunization syndrome (IS) was not a crisis that led to significant changes to the guideline for planning in the event of an influenza pandemic in Canada. B Incorrect: The Zika Viral Disease (ZVD) was not a crisis that led to significant changes to the guideline for planning in the event of an influenza pandemic in Canada. C Incorrect: The Ebola Viral Disease (EVD) was not a crisis that led to significant changes to the guideline for planning in the event of an influenza pandemic in Canada. D Correct: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) crisis in 2006 led to significant changes to the guideline for planning in the event of an influenza pandemic in Canada. 14. Which of the following is a role of the Office of Nursing Policy? a. Ensure nurses are fit enough to handle jobs assigned to them. b. Develop strategies to retain nurses by addressing issues such as burnout and frustration. c. Direct and fund nursing research across Canada. d. Create web-based policies for nurses who work in the federal government. ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: Ensuring nurses are fit enough to handle jobs assigned to them is not a role of the Office of Nursing Policy. B Correct: Developing strategies to retain nurses by addressing issues such as burnout and frustration is a role of the Office of Nursing Policy. C Incorrect: Directing and funding nursing research across Canada is not a role of the Office of Nursing Policy. D Incorrect: Creating web-based policies for nurses who work in the federal government is not a role of the Office of Nursing Policy. 15. Which executive office in the federal government acts as a link between executive (appointed) and political (elected) levels of Health Canada? a. Regions and Programs b. Corporate Services c. Communications and Public Affairs d. Departmental Secretariat ANS: D Feedback A Incorrect: The Regions and Programs Bureau is not an executive office in the federal government that acts as a link between executive (appointed) and political (elected) levels of Health Canada. B Incorrect: The Corporate Services Bureau is not an executive office in the federal government that acts as a link between executive (appointed) and political (elected) levels of Health Canada. C Incorrect: The Communications and Public Affairs Bureau is not an executive office in the federal government that acts as a link between executive (appointed) and political (elected) levels of Health Canada. D Correct: Departmental Secretariat executive office in the federal government acts as a link between executive (appointed) and political (elected) levels of Health Canada. 16. A sudden flare up of seasonal influenza has occurred in a long-term care facility. What term is used to describe this development? a. pandemic b. outbreak c. epidemic d. interpandemic ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: A pandemic is not a term used to describe a sudden flare up of seasonal influenza that has occurred in a long-term care facility. B Correct: An outbreak is a term used to describe a sudden flare up of seasonal influenza that has occurred in a long-term care facility. C Incorrect: An epidemic is not a term used to describe a sudden flare up of seasonal influenza that has occurred in a long-term care facility. D Incorrect: An interpandemic is not a term used to describe a sudden flare up of seasonal influenza that has occurred in a long-term care facility. 17. What is a major concern of the Zika virus? a. It is spread quickly by droplet. b. Babies may be infected in utero leading to birth defects. c. Fatality rates of 50%-90% in adults. d. The vaccine provides limited immunity. ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: A major concern of the Zika virus it not that it is spread quickly by droplet. B Correct: A major concern of the Zika virus is that babies may be infected in utero leading to birth defects. C Incorrect: A major concern of the Zika virus is not fatality rates of 50%-90% in adults. D Incorrect: A major concern of the Zika virus is not that the vaccine provides limited immunity. Currently there is no vaccine available. b. Which of the following illnesses led the World Health Organization (WHO) to decide to provide unproven vaccines to treat individuals with the disease? a. Zika viral disease (ZVD) Ebola viral disease (EVD) c. Influenza A (H1N1) infection d. Congenital Zika syndrome ANS: B Feedback A Incorrect: Zika viral disease (ZVD) did not lead the World Health Organization (WHO) to decide to provide unproven vaccines to treat individuals with the disease. B Correct: Ebola viral disease (EVD) led the World Health Organization (WHO) to decide to provide unproven vaccines to treat individuals with the disease. C Incorrect: Influenza A (H1N1) infection did not lead the World Health Organization (WHO) to decide to provide unproven vaccines to treat individuals with the disease. D Incorrect: Congenital Zika syndrome did not lead the World Health Organization (WHO) to decide to provide unproven vaccines to treat individuals with the disease. 18. What does the Therapeutic Products Directorate regulate? a. Biologic drugs which are made from living sources such as plants, microorganisms, or animals. b. Blood and blood products in Canada. c. All health products containing natural ingredients. d. Both prescription drugs and medical devices in Canada. ANS: D Feedback A Incorrect: The Biological and Genetic Therapies Directorate controls the use of biologic drugs which are made from living sources such as plants, microorganisms, or animals. B Incorrect: The Biological and Genetic Therapies Directorate indirectly controls blood and blood products. C Incorrect: The Natural and Nonprescription Health Products Directorate regulates all health products containing natural ingredients. D Correct: The Therapeutic Products Directorate regulates both prescription drugs and medical devices in Canada. 19. What is an important role of the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board? a. Inspection of manufacturing facilities to ensure efficiency in operations. b. Ensures safety of generic and patented drugs. c. Monitor the pricing of generic drugs. d. Assess patented drugs that have the greatest potential for overpricing. ANS: D Feedback A Incorrect: Inspection of manufacturing facilities to ensure efficiency in operations is not an important role of the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board. B Incorrect: Ensuring safety of generic and patented drugs is not an important role of the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board. C Incorrect: Monitoring the pricing of generic drugs is not an important role of the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board. D Correct: Assessing patented drugs that have the greatest potential for overpricing is an important role of the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board. Chapter 3: The Role of Provincial and Territorial Governments in Health Care MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Under the Canada Health Act, what is each province and territory required to provide? a. A comprehensive drug plan b. Transport and ambulance services c. Health insurance plan for medically necessary treatment d. Optometry and dental services ANS: C Feedback A Although some provinces offer partial drug coverage, it is not a requirement of the Canada Health Act. B Transport and ambulance costs were not addressed in the Canada Health Act. C Health insurance for medically necessary treatment is one of the guiding principles of the Canada Health Act. D Although dental and optometry care is covered for certain populations in some provinces, it is not required by the Canada Health Act. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 223 2. The transfer of funds from the federal government to the provinces for health care is dependent on which of the following? a. Adherence to the principles of the Canada Health Act b. Finishing the financial year on budget c. Presenting the projected expenditure for the coming fiscal year d. The presence of regional health authorities ANS: A Feedback A To receive continued federal funding for health care all provinces and territories must abide by the principles and conditions of the Canada Health Act. B The administration and balancing of the health care budget are the provinces’ responsibilities. C The province decides internally how to spend health care funds. D The structure of how health care is delivered is the responsibility of the province. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 223 3. What was the intention of the regionalization of health care? a. To gain more funding from the federal government b. To provide more employment in the health care industry c. To offer more services to people living in urban areas d. To increase public participation and reduce costs ANS: D Feedback A Regionalization did not mean an increase in federal funds. B The intention of regionalization was related to service delivery, not job creation. C The intent of regionalization was not to improve care in urban areas. D The intention of regionalization was to increase public participation and improve health care accessibility for people in their own areas and reduce costs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 226 4. To whom does a regional health authority report for financial accountability? a. The federal government b. Its provincial or territorial ministry of health c. The municipal government d. Health Canada ANS: B Feedback A The regional health authority does not report to the federal government. B A regional health authority reports to its provincial or territorial ministry of health. C The regional health authority does not report to the municipal government. D The regional health authority does not report to Health Canada. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 226 5. Under the Canada Health Act, what is the maximum waiting period that new residents of a province will wait for health insurance coverage? a. Six months b. One month c. Three months d. Two months ANS: C Feedback A Six months is longer than the maximum waiting period. B One month is less than the maximum waiting period. C Three months is the maximum waiting period for a new resident to wait for health insurance. D Two months is less than the maximum waiting period. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 239 6. Which of the following health care services are covered by all provincial and territorial health plans? a. Dental care and optometry services b. Prosthetics and ambulance services c. Physician consultation and orthodontic services d. Physician consultation and emergency room care ANS: D Feedback A Dental care and optometry services may be partially covered in some provinces or territories, but they are not required by the Canada Health Act. B Ambulance services and prosthetics are not required to be covered by provincial or territorial health care plans. C Orthodontic services are not required to be covered by provincial or territorial health care plans. D Physician consultation and emergency room care are deemed medically necessary services by the Canada Health Act, and they are covered by provincial or territorial health plans. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: p. 244 7. Which of the following is an example of tertiary-level care? a. Cardiac surgery b. Rehabilitation following knee replacement surgery c. Labour and delivery for a low-risk mother d. Respite care for a patient with Alzheimer’s disease ANS: A Feedback A Cardiac surgery is considered tertiary-level care, as it requires very specialized personnel to deliver this care. B Rehabilitation services are not considered tertiary-level care. C Labour and delivery for a low-risk mother are not considered tertiary-level care. D Respite care is not considered tertiary-level care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: p. 225 8. Which of the following is an example of a supplementary benefit? a. Knee replacement surgery b. Intensive care c. Chiropractic services d. Neonatal intensive care ANS: C Feedback A Knee surgery is not considered a supplementary benefit. B Intensive care is not considered a supplementary benefit. C Chiropractic services are considered a supplementary benefit. D Neonatal intensive care is not considered a supplementary benefit. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 242 9. Which province has opted out of the signing of the Reciprocal Agreement of health insurance portability? a. Newfoundland b. Prince Edward Island c. Quebec d. British Columbia ANS: C Feedback A The reciprocal agreement supports the principle of health insurance portability among all of the provinces and territories except Quebec. B The reciprocal agreement supports the principle of health insurance portability among all of the provinces and territories except Quebec. C The reciprocal agreement supports the principle of health insurance portability among all of the provinces and territories except Quebec. D The reciprocal agreement supports the principle of health insurance portability among all of the provinces and territories except Quebec. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 239 10. Which of the following is one of the major concerns about private clinics in Canada? a. It will result in increased wait times for the public health system. b. People will prefer taking responsibility for their health care costs. c. It will result in reduced wait times in the public health system. d. It will improve quality of care for all Canadians. ANS: A Feedback A It is a concern that private care will increase wait times in the public system, as there will be fewer available personnel. B People preferring to pay for health costs is not a concern regarding the development of private clinics. C It is not expected that private clinics would result in a reduced wait time in the public system. D Improving quality of care for Canadians is not a concern expressed about private health clinics. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: p. 243 Chapter 4: The Dollars and “Sense” of Health Care Funding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What are equalization payments? a. An income tax charged to residents with higher income b. A direct transfer of money between provinces or territories c. An allowance from the federal government to provinces or territories that have less money than the national average to provide health services d. A transfer of funds between regional authorities to ensure service in rural areas ANS: C Feedback A Equalization payments are not an income tax. B Equalization payments do not involve direct transfer of funds between provinces or territories. C Equalization payments are funds transferred from the federal government to provinces or territories that have a lower fiscal capacity than the national average. D Equalization payments do not involve transfer of funds between regional health authorities. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 259 2. What coverage is available for a low-income family that does not have a private medical plan and has a child with a chronic condition that is not able to afford the medications that their child requires? a. National drug plan b. Pharmaceutical company subsidy c. Relief from federal income tax to cover medication payment d. Catastrophic drug cost coverage ANS: D Feedback A Canada is one of only a few developed countries without a national drug plan. B Pharmaceutical company subsidy is not available in Canada as coverage for low-income families. C Relief from federal income tax to cover medication payments is not available in Canada; although there is a medical expense deduction, it is not a direct payment to the individual. D Most provinces and territories have some form of catastrophic drug coverage, meaning they will assume the cost of very expensive drugs for specific health conditions when the family is unable to cover the expense. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 278 3. Brand-name drugs cost more than generic drugs and are protected under a piece of legislation called the Patent Act. How long are brand-name drug patents applicable in Canada? a. 10 years b. 20 years c. 50 years d. As long as the company produces and distributes the brand-name drug ANS: B Feedback A Currently, patents last 20 years, not 10 years, from the time the pharmaceutical company applies to the board for approval to sell the drug in Canada. B Currently, patents last 20 years from the time the pharmaceutical company applies to the board for approval to sell the drug in Canada. C Currently, patents last 20 years, not 50 years, from the time the pharmaceutical company applies to the board for approval to sell the drug in Canada. D Currently, patents last 20 years from the time the pharmaceutical company applies to the board for approval to sell the drug in Canada. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 278 4. Service-based funding is one model of hospital funding. Which of the following is another popular way to organize hospital funding? a. Capitation-based funding b. Block funding c. Canada Health Transfer d. Equalization payments ANS: B Feedback A Capitation-based funding is not a model of hospital funding. B Block funding has been popular since the 1970s, and it determines a hospital’s funding based on its previous year’s expenditures. C The Canada Health Transfer is not a model of hospital funding. D Equalization payments are not a model of hospital funding. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 264 5. Which of the following represents a change in practice that reduces hospital costs? a. Drug insurance plans b. Larger hospitals c. Same-day admissions d. Formation of regional health authorities ANS: C Feedback A Drug insurance plans are not a change in practice that reduces hospital costs. B Larger hospitals are not a change that reduces hospital costs. C Same-day admissions allow patients to have preoperative preparation done as outpatients, liberating inpatient hospital beds. D The formation of regional health authorities was not a change that reduced hospital costs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 270 6. What can be a negative consequence of hospital merging? a. Lost seniority among staff may occur. b. There is more duplication of service. c. Roles of professionals are more clearly defined. d. Centralization of support services increases costs. ANS: A Feedback A Mergers often result in a disruption in a hospital’s culture, lost seniority, and displacement of staff members, either through a reorganization of positions or layoffs. B Merging of hospitals results in less duplication of service, which is a positive consequence. C The clear definition of professional roles can be a positive outcome of merging. D The centralization of support services results in reduced costs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 274 7. Which of the following is a reason for rising drug costs in the Canadian health care system? a. Fewer employers offer drug insurance plans. b. More people are taking multiple medications. c. Drug patents now expire earlier than they once did. d. Birth rates are rising across Canada. ANS: B Feedback A Less availability of drug insurance plans will not contribute to the rising drug costs in Canada because these will be absorbed by the client. B Increased drug expenditures can be attributed to several factors, including the facts that more people are taking medications and more people are taking multiple medications. C The expiration of drug patents and the subsequent availability of generic drugs reduce drug costs. D A rising young, healthy population would not contribute to rising drug costs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 277 8. Which of the following is a common model of payment for physicians? a. The client pays for service. b. Physicians are remunerated based on their specialist referral rate. c. Municipalities retain physicians for a yearly salary. d. Physicians are remunerated on a fee-for-service (FFS) basis. ANS: D Feedback A If a client is an eligible Canadian, he or she is prohibited from paying for services. B Physicians are not remunerated based on the number of specialist referrals they make. C A municipality paying a yearly salary is not a method of payment for physicians. D Fee for service is a common model in which physicians submit a bill based on every service that they perform. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 280 9. How are public long-term beds funded? a. Solely by the client b. Solely by the provincial or territorial government c. Co-payment between the client and the province or territory d. Solely by the municipality where the client is resident ANS: C Feedback A A client can opt to pay for private long-term care, but public long-term care is not funded in this way. B Long-term care is always contributed on some level by the client; the provincial or territorial government does not fund it entirely. C Most provinces or territories operate a system in which clients contribute to long-term care based on their financial ability, and the province or territory pays the balance. D The municipality where the client is resident does not contribute to long-term care bed costs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 275 10. What is capitation-based funding? a. A funding formula to pay physicians who participate in a primary care reform group b. A funding formula that the federal government uses to award funding based on population c. A funding formula that allows clients to contribute to the cost of care d. A funding formula that allows the provincial or territorial government to contribute to the cost of care ANS: A Feedback A Capitation-based funding is a funding formula for physicians who participate in primary care reform groups in which they receive funding based on the number of clients on their roster. B Capitation-based funding is not a federal funding method based on population. C Capitation-based funding is not a method of funding that allows clients to contribute to the cost of care. D Capitation-based funding is not a method of funding that allows the provincial or territorial government to contribute to the cost of care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 281 Chapter 5: Practitioners and Practice Settings MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is an example of an alternative health care practitioner? a. Physician b. Aromatherapist c. Nurse d. Occupational therapist ANS: B Feedback A A physician is not considered an alternative health care practitioner. B An aromatherapist is considered to be an alternative health care practitioner because aromatherapy is considered to be outside of mainstream medicine. Critics believe that treatment should be evidence-based before it is used. C A nurse is not considered an alternative health care practitioner. D An occupational therapist is not considered an alternative health care practitioner. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 292 2. Which of the following two professions are regulated in every province and territory in Canada? a. Nurse practitioner and reflexology b. Pharmacy and registered nursing c. General medicine and massage therapy d. General medicine and aromatherapy ANS: B Feedback A Reflexology is not a regulated health care profession. B Pharmacy and registered nursing are regulated in all provinces and territories. C Massage therapy is not regulated in all provinces and territories. D Aromatherapy is not a regulated health care profession. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 297 3. Which of the following is a correct definition of “evidence-informed”? a. Having the endorsement of a religious organization b. Proven through client report c. Having the support of a drug company d. Proven through high-quality scientific studies to be effective ANS: D Feedback A An endorsement of a therapy by a religious organization does not mean that it is evidence-informed. B Client report of a therapy does not mean that it is evidence-informed. C A therapy supported by a drug company does not mean that it is evidence- informed. D Evidence-informed means that the therapy has been proven effective through high-quality scientific studies. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 293 4. What is meant by a controlled act? a. It is a potentially harmful act that must be performed only by trained members of a particular profession. b. It is an act that must be performed in controlled circumstances. c. It is an act that is potentially harmless and can be performed by any health care professional. d. It is an act that is performed with a client’s consent. ANS: A Feedback A A controlled act is potentially harmful act that must be performed only by trained members of a particular profession. B An act that must be performed in controlled circumstances is not the definition of a controlled act. C An act that is potentially harmless and can be performed by any health care professional is not the definition of a controlled act. D An act that is performed with a client’s consent is not the definition of a controlled act. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 301 5. Which of the following is a benefit of primary health care reform for health care professionals? a. Increased salary b. More diverse work experience c. A supportive team environment d. Reduced work stress ANS: C Feedback A Increased salary is not necessarily a benefit of the primary health care reform group. B More diverse work experience is not necessarily a benefit of working in a primary health care reform group. C Health care professionals enjoy the benefit of a supportive team environment within a primary health care reform group. D Reduced work stress is not necessarily a benefit of working in a primary health care reform group. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 325 6. What is the primary condition imposed on physicians who work in a primary health care group? a. They must be willing to work on weekends. b. They must be prepared to care for a specific number of older adult clients. c. They must be prepared to care for a specific number of families. d. They must agree to practice under specific guidelines to deliver primary care to a population base. ANS: D Feedback A Working on weekends is not a condition imposed on physicians who work in a primary health care reform group. B Caring for a specific number of older adult clients is not a condition imposed on physicians who work in a primary health care reform group. C Caring for a specific number of families is not a condition imposed on physicians who work in a primary health care reform group. D Physicians are bound to an agreement to practice under specific guidelines to deliver primary care to a population base. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 325 7. Which population group would not benefit from rostering? a. Older adult clients b. College students c. Prenatal mothers d. Pediatric clients ANS: B Feedback A Older adult clients would not be disadvantaged by rostering. B College students would not benefit from rostering because their place of residence is often temporary, and they might be required to seek health care elsewhere. C Prenatal mothers would not be disadvantaged by rostering. D Pediatric clients would not be disadvantaged by rostering. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 326 8. Which of the following is an example of an allied health professional? a. Optometrist b. Physicians c. Nurses d. Psychiatrists ANS: A Feedback A Optometrists are considered allied health professionals. B Physicians are not considered allied health professionals. C Nurses are not considered allied health professionals. D Psychiatrists are not considered allied health professionals. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 291 9. Which of the following is a benefit of primary health care reform for clients? a. Access to the same physician for every appointment b. Access to a multidisciplinary team of health care specialists c. Access to free medications d. Access to immediate radiological tests ANS: B Feedback A Primary health care reform does not guarantee access to the same physician for every appointment. B Primary health care reform benefits clients by giving them access to a multidisciplinary health care team. C Primary health care reform does not guarantee access to free medication. D Primary health care reform does not guarantee access to immediate radiological tests. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 325 10. Which of the following is a primary reason for the shift to community-based care? a. To minimize the risk for hospital-based infections b. To address the needs of an aging population c. To address the needs of a younger population d. To improve access to health care services ANS: A Feedback A The shift to community-based care has been made, in part, to reduce health care costs by shortening hospital stays, to enhance patient recovery, and to minimize the risk for hospital-based infections. B Addressing the needs of an aging population is not a primary reason for a shift to community-based care. C Addressing the needs of a younger population is not a primary reason for the shift to community-based care. D Improving access to health care is not a primary reason for the shift to community-based care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: p. 291 Chapter 06: Essentials of Population Health in Canada 1. What is the aim of a population health approach? To focus on improving the health status of a targeted group. 2. Name one aspect of public health that differs from population health. Public health focuses on the implementation of health promotion initiatives. 3. On what principle did the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) identify determinants of health? Health is influenced by the interaction of multiple determinants. 4. Which of the following are determinants of health? Income, education, gender, and physical environment 5. Which report was first in being instrumental in the development of population health in Canada? The Lalonde Report 6. Which of the following agencies takes the lead role in Canada's population health approach? Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) 7. What type of care did the Declaration of Alma-Ata put particular emphasis on? Primary health care 8. Why has the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) developed a template for implementing population health? To facilitate the population health process 9. According to Statistics Canada (2017) which of the following statements is true? The percentage of Canadians living in poverty is just below fifteen percent. 10. What has been a significant contributing factor to Canada's ageing population? Post-World War II baby boom. 11. What research data is used in evidence-informed decision-making? Qualitative and quantitative 12. What are three factors considered in determining the Socioeconomic Status (SES) of a group or individual? Education, occupation, income 13. What was one of five principles to emerge from the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion in 1986? Individuals need to assume responsibility for their own health. 14. What is generally found to be the relationship between socioeconomic status and health? Those living in the highest socioeconomic bracket enjoy the highest level of health. 15. Which 1996 report was the first to officially recognize and incorporate the determinants of health into its findings and recommendations Report on the Health of Canadians 16. The introduction of the Gardasil vaccine that prevents infection of certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV) is an example of what type of investment? Upstream 17. Which of the following is considered to be the most important determinant of health? Income and social status 18. Which of the following lists best describes attributes of culture? Behaviours, values, attitudes 19. Which key elements of the public health agency of Canada (PHAC) template are considered particularly important as they reflect the very definition of population health? Focusing on the health of populations and addressing the determinants of health and their interactions 20. which of the following lists best describes a person’s ethnicity? Race, origin, language Chapter 7: Health and the Individual MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is the most current definition of wellness? a. The absence of disease b. The absence of risk factors in an individual’s life c. The perception that an individual has of his or her risk factors d. The way an individual feels about his or her health and quality of life ANS: D Feedback A The absence of disease does not define wellness; a person may feel well in spite of disease (e.g., a well-controlled diabetic). B Risk factors do not define wellness. C Risk factors do not define wellness. D This definition of wellness takes into account that an individual can describe himself or herself as “well,” even when he or she has a disease. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 41 2. Historically, health was described as absence of disease. How did the World Health Organization (WHO) define health in 1948? a. As a high level of physical fitness b. As a sense of wellness c. As being multidimensional d. As a condition caused by social circumstances ANS: C Feedback A Physical fitness is part of a state of health, but it is not multidimensional. B Wellness is part of a state of health, but it is not multidimensional. C In 1948, the WHO described health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” D Social circumstance is a factor in health, but it does not describe it. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 42 3. Which of the following lists incorporates three holistic elements of wellness? a. Financial, physical, emotional b. Fitness, intellectual, spiritual c. Absence of disease, emotional, social d. Physical, emotional, intellectual ANS: D Feedback A Financial health is not an element of wellness. B Fitness is not an element of wellness. C The absence of disease is not an element of wellness. D Models of wellness have five to seven elements of health that contribute to wellness: physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, social, and (in some models) environmental and occupational. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 42 4. What does social wellness refer to? a. An ability to make appropriate, informed decisions b. Relating effectively to others c. An ability to understand oneself and to recognize personal strengths and limitations d. Seeking to contribute to society ANS: B Feedback A An ability to make appropriate, informed decisions refers to intellectual wellness. B Social wellness is defined as relating effectively to others, including being able to form close, loving relationships, to laugh, to communicate effectively and emphatically, to be a good listener, and to respond appropriately. C An ability to understand oneself and to recognize personal strengths and limitations refers to emotional wellness. D Seeking to contribute to society refers to spiritual wellness. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 45 5. A personal support worker is asked by his patient what an “exacerbation” of his disease means. Which of the following is the correct response? a. The patient is showing a worsening of the signs of his disease. b. The patient is showing no symptoms of his disease at the present time. c. The patient is showing a group of symptoms. d. The patient is feeling unhealthy, even though he has no active disease at the present time. ANS: A Feedback A An exacerbation of a disease is when a patient shows a reappearance of the symptoms of a disease or shows an increase in the severity of a disease. B Showing no symptoms of a disease is a definition of remission. C Showing a group of symptoms is a definition of a syndrome. D Feeling unhealthy, even though one has no active disease at the present time, is a way of describing illness. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 47 6. How is the holistic model of health described? a. It is a model that states that health is the absence of disease. b. It is a model that proposes that health is a process that evolves and progresses. c. It is a model that considers all parts of the person. d. It is a model that measures one’s state of health. ANS: C Feedback A A model that states that health is the absence of disease refers to the medical model. B A model that proposes that health is a process that evolves and progresses refers to the wellness model. C The holistic model of health considers all parts of the person. For example, when a client has newly diagnosed hypertension, health professionals will consider weight, risk behaviours, diet, stress, and ability to follow a medication regime. D A model that measures one’s state of health refers to the health–illness continuum. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: p. 49 7. Which of the following are examples of self-imposed risk behaviours? a. Smoking, sedentary lifestyle, low income b. Smoking, sexual promiscuity, sedentary lifestyle c. Smoking, substandard living conditions, sedentary lifestyle d. Smoking, sedentary lifestyle, lack of education ANS: B Feedback A Financial income is not necessarily controlled by the individual. B An individual has a choice about all of these risk behaviours, so they are self- imposed risks. C Living conditions are not necessarily controlled by the individual. D Level of education is not necessarily controlled by the individual. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 49 8. “Compensation” lies at the centre of the health–illness continuum. What does this mean? a. The client is close to an optimal health state. b. The client is close to a poor health state. c. The client is in an optimal physical health state but is mentally unhealthy. d. The client is neither in an optimal nor poor health state but is able to continue with life activities. ANS: D Feedback A Compensation does not occur when a patient is close to an optimal health state. B Compensation does not occur when a patient is close to a poor health state. C The health–illness continuum looks at all dimensions of health. If an individual is mentally unhealthy and unable to continue with life even though he or she is physically healthy, then the individual is not “compensated.” D Compensation occurs when an individual is able to accommodate a malady and resume or adapt to his or her daily activities. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 55 9. What behaviour might be observed during the “acknowledgement” stage of illness? a. The individual is unable to ignore his or her symptoms and seeks help. b. The individual denies the diagnosis and seeks a second opinion. c. The individual acknowledges the presence of symptoms and continues with his or her regular activities. d. The individual analyzes his or her symptoms and self-treats. ANS: A Feedback A Seeking help is indicative of the individual acknowledging that something is wrong. B Denial is a behaviour associated with the transitional stage. C Acknowledgment of the presence of symptoms and the continuation of one’s regular activities are seen in the preliminary phase. D Analysis of one’s own symptoms and self-treatment are seen in the preliminary phase. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 60 10. Which of the following is a definition