Di
scussi
ngwhyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sthemostdi
ff
icul
tpar
torst
ageofst
rat
egi
c
management
St
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
spr
ocessorpat
hst
hatanor
gani
zat
iont
akesi
nor
dert
obe
orr
eachwher
eitseesi
tsel
fint
hef
utur
e.St
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
slar
gel
yan
i
nter
nal
admi
nist
rat
iveact
ivi
ty.I
tal
soent
ail
sapr
ocessofconv
ert
ingt
hef
ormul
ated
st
rat
egi
esi
ntov
iabl
eoper
ati
onst
hatwi
l
lyi
eldt
heor
gani
zat
ion’
star
get
edr
esul
ts.
Shef
urt
herar
guest
hatdel
i
cat
eandsensi
ti
vei
ssuesar
einv
olv
edi
nst
rat
egy
i
mpl
ement
ati
on,
suchasr
esour
cemobi
l
izat
ion,
rest
ruct
uri
ng,
cul
tur
alchanges,
t
echnol
ogi
cal
changes,
processchanges,
pol
i
cyandl
eader
shi
pchanges.St
rat
egy
i
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sdi
ff
icul
tandt
ir
esomebutmaki
ngt
hest
rat
egywor
kandexecut
ing
i
tismor
edi
ff
icul
tthant
hef
ormul
ati
oni
tsel
f.Awel
l
-for
mul
atedst
rat
egyi
s
meani
ngl
essi
fiti
snoti
mpl
ement
edwel
l
.Howev
er,
toomuchconsi
der
ati
onof
v
ari
ousaspect
sofi
mpl
ement
ati
onmi
ghtr
esul
tinf
ormul
ati
ngast
rat
egyt
hati
snot
compet
it
iveand,
ther
efor
e,i
mpl
ement
ingi
twoul
dbeawast
eoft
imeandr
esour
ces
(
zar
ibafandBay
rami
,
2010)
.Ther
efor
e,onemustst
ri
keabal
ancebet
weenan
i
nnov
ati
veandwor
kabl
est
rat
egyandi
tssuccessf
uli
mpl
ement
ati
on.Under
standi
ng
t
hecausesofi
mpl
ement
ati
ondi
ff
icul
ti
eswi
l
lal
l
owmanager
stoav
oidt
hem andt
o
successf
ull
yimpl
ementf
ir
m st
rat
egi
es.Out
li
nedbel
owar
ethemai
nreasonswhy
i
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sthemostdi
ff
icul
tst
agei
nst
rat
egi
cmanagement
I
nthef
ir
stpl
acest
rat
egyf
ormul
ati
oni
soneoft
her
easonswhyst
rat
egy
i
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sadi
ff
icul
tst
ageasf
arasst
rat
egi
cmanagementi
sconcer
ned.A
poororv
aguest
rat
egycanl
i
miti
mpl
ement
ati
onef
for
ts.Goodi
mpl
ement
ati
on
cannotov
ercomet
heshor
tcomi
ngsofabadst
rat
egyorpoorst
rat
egi
cpl
anni
ng
ef
for
ts.St
rat
egydev
elopmentandf
ormul
ati
onwi
l
linf
luencet
heef
fectof
i
mpl
ement
ati
on,
goodst
rat
egi
cinputl
eadst
osuccessf
uli
mpl
ement
ati
on.
Col
l
abor
ati
onsbet
weenst
rat
egyt
ypesandi
mpl
ement
ati
oncapabi
l
iti
esexi
stand
shoul
dbeexpl
oit
ed.
Secondl
yrel
ati
onshi
psamongdi
ff
erentuni
ts/
depar
tment
sanddi
ff
erentst
rat
egy
l
evel
shav
eanef
fectont
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofast
rat
egy
.Sev
eral
studi
est
reat
i
nst
it
uti
onal
rel
ati
onshi
psamongdi
ff
erentuni
ts/depar
tment
sanddi
ff
erentst
rat
egy
l
evel
sasasi
gni
fi
cantf
act
ort
hataf
fect
stheout
comeofst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
on.
, Busi
nessst
rat
egybehav
iour
sar
edi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreet
ypes:
prospect
ors,
dif
fer
ent
iat
ed
def
ender
sandl
owcostdef
ender
s.andt
hesef
all
int
othef
oll
owi
ngdi
sti
nctbusi
ness
cat
egor
ies;
costl
eader
shi
p,di
ff
erent
iat
ionandf
ocus.Cor
por
ate-
busi
nessuni
t
r
elat
ionshi
ps,
int
er-
funct
ional
str
uct
uresandpr
ocesses,
mar
ket
ingpol
i
ciesand
pr
ocessesmayal
lsi
gni
fi
cant
lyi
nfl
uencebusi
nessst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
on.
Funct
ional
compet
enci
es,
all
ocat
ionofr
esour
ces,
deci
sionmaki
ngpar
ti
cipat
ionand
i
nfl
uence,
int
er-
funct
ional
conf
li
ctandcoor
dinat
ionmayhav
evast
lydi
ff
erentef
fect
s
ont
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofdi
ff
erentki
ndofst
rat
egi
es.Fori
nst
ance,
deci
sion-
maki
ng
andcoor
dinat
ionst
ruct
uresi
nthemar
ket
ingdepar
tment
,andmar
ket
ingpol
i
ciesand
pr
ogr
amswi
thi
nthebusi
nessuni
t,af
fectt
heper
for
manceofdi
ff
erentbusi
ness
st
rat
egi
esi
ndi
ff
erentway
s.
Theot
herr
easonwhyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
stakenadi
ff
icul
tint
hest
rat
egi
c
managementpr
ocessi
sbecauseoft
heexecut
ors.Execut
orsar
ecompr
isedoft
op
management
,mi
ddl
emanagement
,lowermanagementandnon-
management
.
Ef
fect
ivenessofst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
s,atl
easti
npar
t,af
fect
edbyt
hequal
i
tyof
peopl
einv
olv
edi
nthepr
ocess.Her
e,qual
i
tyr
efer
stoski
l
ls,
att
it
udes,
capabi
l
iti
es,
exper
iencesandot
herchar
act
eri
sti
csofpeopl
erequi
redbyaspeci
fi
ctaskor
posi
ti
on(
viser
asetal
,
2005)
.Fi
ndi
ngsal
soi
ndi
cat
ethatst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
on
successdependscr
uci
all
yont
hehumanorpeopl
esi
deofpr
ojectmanagement
,and
l
essonor
gani
zat
ionandsy
stemsr
elat
edf
act
ors.(
Har
ri
ngt
on,
2006)
.Ahi
gherl
evel
i
ntot
alor
gani
sat
ioni
nvol
vementdur
ingst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
onhadposi
ti
ve
ef
fect
sont
hel
evel
ofi
mpl
ement
ati
onsuccess,
fir
m pr
ofi
tsandov
eral
lfi
rm success.
Ther
efor
e,t
hesuppor
tofempl
oyeesandmanager
sisneededi
nor
dert
o
successf
ull
yimpl
ementt
hest
rat
egy
.Ift
her
eisnosuppor
tfr
om t
hest
affandot
her
st
akehol
der
s,t
hepeopl
ewi
l
lnotpr
oact
ivel
ymakechangest
hatar
eneededt
oadapt
t
othest
rat
egyandi
nret
urncr
eat
esdi
ff
icul
ti
eswheni
mpl
ement
ingt
hest
rat
egy
.
Ther
easonwhyst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sadi
ff
icul
tst
agedur
ingi
nst
rat
egi
c
managementpr
ocessi
sduet
opoorcommuni
cat
ion.Thecont
entofsuch
communi
cat
ionsi
ncl
udescl
ear
lyexpl
aini
ngwhatnewr
esponsi
bil
i
ties,
tasks,
and
dut
iesneedt
obeper
for
medbyt
heaf
fect
edempl
oyees.I
tal
soi
ncl
udest
hewhy
behi
ndchangedj
obact
ivi
ti
es,
andmor
efundament
all
yther
easonswhyt
henew
st
rat
egi
cdeci
si
onwasmadef
ir
stl
y.Fai
l
uret
ocommuni
cat
ethev
isi
onandst
rat
egi
c
obj
ect
ivest
oempl
oyee’
smeanst
hatt
hest
rat
egymaker
sar
enotgi
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion
scussi
ngwhyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sthemostdi
ff
icul
tpar
torst
ageofst
rat
egi
c
management
St
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
spr
ocessorpat
hst
hatanor
gani
zat
iont
akesi
nor
dert
obe
orr
eachwher
eitseesi
tsel
fint
hef
utur
e.St
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
slar
gel
yan
i
nter
nal
admi
nist
rat
iveact
ivi
ty.I
tal
soent
ail
sapr
ocessofconv
ert
ingt
hef
ormul
ated
st
rat
egi
esi
ntov
iabl
eoper
ati
onst
hatwi
l
lyi
eldt
heor
gani
zat
ion’
star
get
edr
esul
ts.
Shef
urt
herar
guest
hatdel
i
cat
eandsensi
ti
vei
ssuesar
einv
olv
edi
nst
rat
egy
i
mpl
ement
ati
on,
suchasr
esour
cemobi
l
izat
ion,
rest
ruct
uri
ng,
cul
tur
alchanges,
t
echnol
ogi
cal
changes,
processchanges,
pol
i
cyandl
eader
shi
pchanges.St
rat
egy
i
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sdi
ff
icul
tandt
ir
esomebutmaki
ngt
hest
rat
egywor
kandexecut
ing
i
tismor
edi
ff
icul
tthant
hef
ormul
ati
oni
tsel
f.Awel
l
-for
mul
atedst
rat
egyi
s
meani
ngl
essi
fiti
snoti
mpl
ement
edwel
l
.Howev
er,
toomuchconsi
der
ati
onof
v
ari
ousaspect
sofi
mpl
ement
ati
onmi
ghtr
esul
tinf
ormul
ati
ngast
rat
egyt
hati
snot
compet
it
iveand,
ther
efor
e,i
mpl
ement
ingi
twoul
dbeawast
eoft
imeandr
esour
ces
(
zar
ibafandBay
rami
,
2010)
.Ther
efor
e,onemustst
ri
keabal
ancebet
weenan
i
nnov
ati
veandwor
kabl
est
rat
egyandi
tssuccessf
uli
mpl
ement
ati
on.Under
standi
ng
t
hecausesofi
mpl
ement
ati
ondi
ff
icul
ti
eswi
l
lal
l
owmanager
stoav
oidt
hem andt
o
successf
ull
yimpl
ementf
ir
m st
rat
egi
es.Out
li
nedbel
owar
ethemai
nreasonswhy
i
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sthemostdi
ff
icul
tst
agei
nst
rat
egi
cmanagement
I
nthef
ir
stpl
acest
rat
egyf
ormul
ati
oni
soneoft
her
easonswhyst
rat
egy
i
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sadi
ff
icul
tst
ageasf
arasst
rat
egi
cmanagementi
sconcer
ned.A
poororv
aguest
rat
egycanl
i
miti
mpl
ement
ati
onef
for
ts.Goodi
mpl
ement
ati
on
cannotov
ercomet
heshor
tcomi
ngsofabadst
rat
egyorpoorst
rat
egi
cpl
anni
ng
ef
for
ts.St
rat
egydev
elopmentandf
ormul
ati
onwi
l
linf
luencet
heef
fectof
i
mpl
ement
ati
on,
goodst
rat
egi
cinputl
eadst
osuccessf
uli
mpl
ement
ati
on.
Col
l
abor
ati
onsbet
weenst
rat
egyt
ypesandi
mpl
ement
ati
oncapabi
l
iti
esexi
stand
shoul
dbeexpl
oit
ed.
Secondl
yrel
ati
onshi
psamongdi
ff
erentuni
ts/
depar
tment
sanddi
ff
erentst
rat
egy
l
evel
shav
eanef
fectont
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofast
rat
egy
.Sev
eral
studi
est
reat
i
nst
it
uti
onal
rel
ati
onshi
psamongdi
ff
erentuni
ts/depar
tment
sanddi
ff
erentst
rat
egy
l
evel
sasasi
gni
fi
cantf
act
ort
hataf
fect
stheout
comeofst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
on.
, Busi
nessst
rat
egybehav
iour
sar
edi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreet
ypes:
prospect
ors,
dif
fer
ent
iat
ed
def
ender
sandl
owcostdef
ender
s.andt
hesef
all
int
othef
oll
owi
ngdi
sti
nctbusi
ness
cat
egor
ies;
costl
eader
shi
p,di
ff
erent
iat
ionandf
ocus.Cor
por
ate-
busi
nessuni
t
r
elat
ionshi
ps,
int
er-
funct
ional
str
uct
uresandpr
ocesses,
mar
ket
ingpol
i
ciesand
pr
ocessesmayal
lsi
gni
fi
cant
lyi
nfl
uencebusi
nessst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
on.
Funct
ional
compet
enci
es,
all
ocat
ionofr
esour
ces,
deci
sionmaki
ngpar
ti
cipat
ionand
i
nfl
uence,
int
er-
funct
ional
conf
li
ctandcoor
dinat
ionmayhav
evast
lydi
ff
erentef
fect
s
ont
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofdi
ff
erentki
ndofst
rat
egi
es.Fori
nst
ance,
deci
sion-
maki
ng
andcoor
dinat
ionst
ruct
uresi
nthemar
ket
ingdepar
tment
,andmar
ket
ingpol
i
ciesand
pr
ogr
amswi
thi
nthebusi
nessuni
t,af
fectt
heper
for
manceofdi
ff
erentbusi
ness
st
rat
egi
esi
ndi
ff
erentway
s.
Theot
herr
easonwhyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
stakenadi
ff
icul
tint
hest
rat
egi
c
managementpr
ocessi
sbecauseoft
heexecut
ors.Execut
orsar
ecompr
isedoft
op
management
,mi
ddl
emanagement
,lowermanagementandnon-
management
.
Ef
fect
ivenessofst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
s,atl
easti
npar
t,af
fect
edbyt
hequal
i
tyof
peopl
einv
olv
edi
nthepr
ocess.Her
e,qual
i
tyr
efer
stoski
l
ls,
att
it
udes,
capabi
l
iti
es,
exper
iencesandot
herchar
act
eri
sti
csofpeopl
erequi
redbyaspeci
fi
ctaskor
posi
ti
on(
viser
asetal
,
2005)
.Fi
ndi
ngsal
soi
ndi
cat
ethatst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
on
successdependscr
uci
all
yont
hehumanorpeopl
esi
deofpr
ojectmanagement
,and
l
essonor
gani
zat
ionandsy
stemsr
elat
edf
act
ors.(
Har
ri
ngt
on,
2006)
.Ahi
gherl
evel
i
ntot
alor
gani
sat
ioni
nvol
vementdur
ingst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
onhadposi
ti
ve
ef
fect
sont
hel
evel
ofi
mpl
ement
ati
onsuccess,
fir
m pr
ofi
tsandov
eral
lfi
rm success.
Ther
efor
e,t
hesuppor
tofempl
oyeesandmanager
sisneededi
nor
dert
o
successf
ull
yimpl
ementt
hest
rat
egy
.Ift
her
eisnosuppor
tfr
om t
hest
affandot
her
st
akehol
der
s,t
hepeopl
ewi
l
lnotpr
oact
ivel
ymakechangest
hatar
eneededt
oadapt
t
othest
rat
egyandi
nret
urncr
eat
esdi
ff
icul
ti
eswheni
mpl
ement
ingt
hest
rat
egy
.
Ther
easonwhyst
rat
egyi
mpl
ement
ati
oni
sadi
ff
icul
tst
agedur
ingi
nst
rat
egi
c
managementpr
ocessi
sduet
opoorcommuni
cat
ion.Thecont
entofsuch
communi
cat
ionsi
ncl
udescl
ear
lyexpl
aini
ngwhatnewr
esponsi
bil
i
ties,
tasks,
and
dut
iesneedt
obeper
for
medbyt
heaf
fect
edempl
oyees.I
tal
soi
ncl
udest
hewhy
behi
ndchangedj
obact
ivi
ti
es,
andmor
efundament
all
yther
easonswhyt
henew
st
rat
egi
cdeci
si
onwasmadef
ir
stl
y.Fai
l
uret
ocommuni
cat
ethev
isi
onandst
rat
egi
c
obj
ect
ivest
oempl
oyee’
smeanst
hatt
hest
rat
egymaker
sar
enotgi
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion
