NURS 611Exam 1 Review Latest 2022
Exam 1 Review
Types of Cellular Adaptation
Atrophy: Decrease in cell size caused by loss of subcellular organelles and substances.
o Physiologic (normal – reabsorption or breakdown of tissues)
▪ Ex: Thymus gland (childhood)
o Pathological (Due to an abnormal stressor, result of disease or loss of trophic support)
▪ Bed rest. Mobility is huge. Get up and walk. That prevent the atrophy in
the muscle.
Hypertrophy: Increase in size of cell, resulting in increase in size of organs.
▪ Physiologic hypertrophy (normal growth of children or during pregnancy, or
with athletes)
• Ex: endurance training
▪ Pathological hypertrophy (induced by factors such as prolonged or
abnormal hemodynamic stress)
• Ex: hypertension – myocyte increase in size
Hyperplasia: Increase in number of cells, in normal organ and tissue.
▪ Physiological (compensatory)
• Ex: Liver growth (70% of liver can be removed and still function.
Can regenerate in about 2 – 4 weeks), increase in size of breasts
during pregnancy, thickening of endometrium for menstruation
▪ Pathological
• Ex: endometrium hyperplasia (endometriosis)
Metaplasia: Replacement of cells. Transformation of one differentiated cell type to another
differentiated cell type
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, NURS 611Exam 1 Review Latest 2022
o Ex: normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells (smoking). Can be reversed of irritant is
stopped.
o Replacement of these cells are potentially reversible, but it does not mean they
will function appropriately
Apoptosis versus Necrosis
Apoptosis: Death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or
development. Physiological way of eliminating unwanted cell.
• Usually physiological (can be pathological)
• Recycling (body is a recycling machine)
o Ex: RBC getting old about 120 days, body recycles iron within the RBC
• Programmed death
o EX: inflammatory process (programmed dismantling of neutrophils)
Necrosis: Death of cells or tissue through disease or injury. Cellular death!
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, NURS 611Exam 1 Review Latest 2022
• Pathological
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, NURS 611Exam 1 Review Latest 2022
• Irreversible
o Ex: MI (myocardial infarction r/t arteriosclerosis)
*****Hypoxia is the #1 cellular injury
Necrosis leakage of contents. Apoptosis Dismantling
Cellular Metabolism
• ATP is important to metabolism.
• ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is a complex organic chemical that provides
energy to drive many processes in living cells (muscle contraction, nerve
impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis). Found in all forms of life, ATP
is often referred to as the “molecular unit of currency” of intracellular
energy transfer.
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Exam 1 Review
Types of Cellular Adaptation
Atrophy: Decrease in cell size caused by loss of subcellular organelles and substances.
o Physiologic (normal – reabsorption or breakdown of tissues)
▪ Ex: Thymus gland (childhood)
o Pathological (Due to an abnormal stressor, result of disease or loss of trophic support)
▪ Bed rest. Mobility is huge. Get up and walk. That prevent the atrophy in
the muscle.
Hypertrophy: Increase in size of cell, resulting in increase in size of organs.
▪ Physiologic hypertrophy (normal growth of children or during pregnancy, or
with athletes)
• Ex: endurance training
▪ Pathological hypertrophy (induced by factors such as prolonged or
abnormal hemodynamic stress)
• Ex: hypertension – myocyte increase in size
Hyperplasia: Increase in number of cells, in normal organ and tissue.
▪ Physiological (compensatory)
• Ex: Liver growth (70% of liver can be removed and still function.
Can regenerate in about 2 – 4 weeks), increase in size of breasts
during pregnancy, thickening of endometrium for menstruation
▪ Pathological
• Ex: endometrium hyperplasia (endometriosis)
Metaplasia: Replacement of cells. Transformation of one differentiated cell type to another
differentiated cell type
1|Page
, NURS 611Exam 1 Review Latest 2022
o Ex: normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells (smoking). Can be reversed of irritant is
stopped.
o Replacement of these cells are potentially reversible, but it does not mean they
will function appropriately
Apoptosis versus Necrosis
Apoptosis: Death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or
development. Physiological way of eliminating unwanted cell.
• Usually physiological (can be pathological)
• Recycling (body is a recycling machine)
o Ex: RBC getting old about 120 days, body recycles iron within the RBC
• Programmed death
o EX: inflammatory process (programmed dismantling of neutrophils)
Necrosis: Death of cells or tissue through disease or injury. Cellular death!
2|Page
, NURS 611Exam 1 Review Latest 2022
• Pathological
3|Page
, NURS 611Exam 1 Review Latest 2022
• Irreversible
o Ex: MI (myocardial infarction r/t arteriosclerosis)
*****Hypoxia is the #1 cellular injury
Necrosis leakage of contents. Apoptosis Dismantling
Cellular Metabolism
• ATP is important to metabolism.
• ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is a complex organic chemical that provides
energy to drive many processes in living cells (muscle contraction, nerve
impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis). Found in all forms of life, ATP
is often referred to as the “molecular unit of currency” of intracellular
energy transfer.
4|Page
