Russia 1870 – 1891
1874 – 75 : Military Reforms 1878 : Land + Liberty 1881 : Alexander III as Tsar 1881-84 : Jewish Pogroms 1882 : May Laws
Motive = Needed to restore Land + Liberty = Populist Conservative = Believed he Alexander III = Openly anti- Jews forbidden from living
dignity and security to Russia group that aimed to work w should be obeyed always. Semitic. outside Pale of cities of less than
after Crimea. peasants but also used political Strong = Both physically and RW Press = Suggested Jews 10,000 people.
Conscription = For all men assassinations. mentally as hard to oppose assassinated Alexander II. Jewish renting/mortgaging
over 21, in all classes. 1878 = Assassinated General Gatchina = Refused to live in Konstantin Pobedonostsev = outside towns or cities no longer
Active service = Reduced Mezemtsev , Head of Third Winter Palace as so terrified of Chief Procurator of the Holy in effect.
from 25 to 15 years. Section. revolution. Synod 1880 – 1907. Jews forbidden to trade on
Punishments = Made less 1879 = Split into factions. Peacemaker = Russia not in “1/3 should emigrate, 1/3 Sunday or Christian holiday.
severe. Black Repartition = Aimed to any wars during his reign. assimilate and 1/3 should Impact = Limited Jewish rights
Modernisation = New partition land in Russia among die.” and opportunities.
technology, command the peasants. Huge influence over both
structure and medical care. 1880 = Disbanded from 1881 : Manifesto of Alexander III and Nicholas
Military Colleges = Trained significant arrests. Unshakeable Autocracy II = Tutor/advisor
lower-class officers + literacy Plekhanov = Founded BR Ukraine = Pogroms started 1882 : Education
rates improved. and Emancipation of Labor. Hangings = Much of PW. here but moved to Warsaw
Nepotism = Most officers Founder of Russian Cause = Unknown but likely it Ivan Delyanov = Education
Counter-Reforms = To show Minister 1882 – 1898.
still aristocratic, not based on Marxism = Advocated for that autocracy would be was the Okhrana.
ability. stages of development + Holy League = Coordinated Professors = Appointed based on
undeniable under Alexander ‘religious, moral + patriotic
Turkey 1877 – 1878 = focus on workers. III. attacks, supported by Pobe,
Although Russia-led The People’s Will = Led by until banned in 1882. orientation’
Pobedonostsev = Wrote most University = No meetings in
coalition won, it still Alexander Mikhailov. if not all of the text. Attacks = Houses and shops
struggled to do so. 1879 = Declared A2 must burned, some rape/murder groups over 5 and no women.
Law on Exceptional Primary = Closed for lower
be assassinated. Measures = Gave gov more Apr-Dec = 40 Jews killed
Impact = Many Jews classes.
power to ignore civil liberties 1897 = Only 21% population
by sentencing without a trial. emigrated to Europe or US.
was literate.
1870s : Ethnic Minorities 1880 : Loris-Melikov Constitution 1880s : Agriculture Reforms 1881 : Police Reforms 1882 : Censorship
Poland = Most oppositional 1870s = Political crisis with Nikolai von Bunge = Finance Von Plehve = Director of Dmitry Tolstoy = Interior
1864 = Alexander II’s Turkish war, famine, recession Minister 1881 – 1887. Police 1881 – 1884. Minister 1882 – 1889.
brother crushed rebellion. and more attempted 1882 = Nobles’ Land Bank. Okhrana = Replaced Third Newspapers = Closed
Ukraine = Discriminated. assassinations on Alexander II’s 1883 = Peasants’ Land Bank Section as secret police. down and publishers
1876 = Prohibition of life. held reserves to buy. Detained suspects often banned for life.
Ukrainian language in Mikhail Loris-Melikov = 1877 – 1905 = Peasants tortured/executed them. Russification = In art,
publication/performance. Minister for Interior 1880-81. collectively owned 26m Spies = Recruited to theatre and culture no
Finland = Allowed their own Released prisoners. hectares. incriminate revolutionaries. expression of national
diet (Parliament). Relaxed censorship. Land Market = Encouraged Statute on Police identity in regions.
Baltics = Religious differences Abolished Third Section. kulaks and social mobility. Surveillance 1882 = Arrest on All publications had to be
1874 – 75 : Military Reforms 1878 : Land + Liberty 1881 : Alexander III as Tsar 1881-84 : Jewish Pogroms 1882 : May Laws
Motive = Needed to restore Land + Liberty = Populist Conservative = Believed he Alexander III = Openly anti- Jews forbidden from living
dignity and security to Russia group that aimed to work w should be obeyed always. Semitic. outside Pale of cities of less than
after Crimea. peasants but also used political Strong = Both physically and RW Press = Suggested Jews 10,000 people.
Conscription = For all men assassinations. mentally as hard to oppose assassinated Alexander II. Jewish renting/mortgaging
over 21, in all classes. 1878 = Assassinated General Gatchina = Refused to live in Konstantin Pobedonostsev = outside towns or cities no longer
Active service = Reduced Mezemtsev , Head of Third Winter Palace as so terrified of Chief Procurator of the Holy in effect.
from 25 to 15 years. Section. revolution. Synod 1880 – 1907. Jews forbidden to trade on
Punishments = Made less 1879 = Split into factions. Peacemaker = Russia not in “1/3 should emigrate, 1/3 Sunday or Christian holiday.
severe. Black Repartition = Aimed to any wars during his reign. assimilate and 1/3 should Impact = Limited Jewish rights
Modernisation = New partition land in Russia among die.” and opportunities.
technology, command the peasants. Huge influence over both
structure and medical care. 1880 = Disbanded from 1881 : Manifesto of Alexander III and Nicholas
Military Colleges = Trained significant arrests. Unshakeable Autocracy II = Tutor/advisor
lower-class officers + literacy Plekhanov = Founded BR Ukraine = Pogroms started 1882 : Education
rates improved. and Emancipation of Labor. Hangings = Much of PW. here but moved to Warsaw
Nepotism = Most officers Founder of Russian Cause = Unknown but likely it Ivan Delyanov = Education
Counter-Reforms = To show Minister 1882 – 1898.
still aristocratic, not based on Marxism = Advocated for that autocracy would be was the Okhrana.
ability. stages of development + Holy League = Coordinated Professors = Appointed based on
undeniable under Alexander ‘religious, moral + patriotic
Turkey 1877 – 1878 = focus on workers. III. attacks, supported by Pobe,
Although Russia-led The People’s Will = Led by until banned in 1882. orientation’
Pobedonostsev = Wrote most University = No meetings in
coalition won, it still Alexander Mikhailov. if not all of the text. Attacks = Houses and shops
struggled to do so. 1879 = Declared A2 must burned, some rape/murder groups over 5 and no women.
Law on Exceptional Primary = Closed for lower
be assassinated. Measures = Gave gov more Apr-Dec = 40 Jews killed
Impact = Many Jews classes.
power to ignore civil liberties 1897 = Only 21% population
by sentencing without a trial. emigrated to Europe or US.
was literate.
1870s : Ethnic Minorities 1880 : Loris-Melikov Constitution 1880s : Agriculture Reforms 1881 : Police Reforms 1882 : Censorship
Poland = Most oppositional 1870s = Political crisis with Nikolai von Bunge = Finance Von Plehve = Director of Dmitry Tolstoy = Interior
1864 = Alexander II’s Turkish war, famine, recession Minister 1881 – 1887. Police 1881 – 1884. Minister 1882 – 1889.
brother crushed rebellion. and more attempted 1882 = Nobles’ Land Bank. Okhrana = Replaced Third Newspapers = Closed
Ukraine = Discriminated. assassinations on Alexander II’s 1883 = Peasants’ Land Bank Section as secret police. down and publishers
1876 = Prohibition of life. held reserves to buy. Detained suspects often banned for life.
Ukrainian language in Mikhail Loris-Melikov = 1877 – 1905 = Peasants tortured/executed them. Russification = In art,
publication/performance. Minister for Interior 1880-81. collectively owned 26m Spies = Recruited to theatre and culture no
Finland = Allowed their own Released prisoners. hectares. incriminate revolutionaries. expression of national
diet (Parliament). Relaxed censorship. Land Market = Encouraged Statute on Police identity in regions.
Baltics = Religious differences Abolished Third Section. kulaks and social mobility. Surveillance 1882 = Arrest on All publications had to be
