Russia 1855 – 1870
1855 : Alexander II 1856 : Preparations for 1862 : Start of Economic 1863 : Volost Courts 1864 : Judiciary Reforms
Reform Modernisation
‘Tsar Liberator’ = More Judicial Reforms = All Innocent before guilty =
liberal than his father. Drafts for Emancipation = Mikhail von Reutern = peasant trials managed by Fair and public trials.
Legacy = Aimed to Alexander II asked nobility Finance Minister 1862 – elected board of peasants Courts = Local,
reform Russia. to give suggestions. 1878. and Noble peace officer. provincial and national.
Vasily Zhukovsky = A2’s “it is far better that this Treasury = Started National Trials =
liberal tutor. should come about publishing budgets. Reported in government
Influence of his views. from above, rather Tax = Abolished tax press.
Upbringing = Had travelled than below.” farming for indirect tax. 1863 – 64 : Education Criminal Cases = Before
Russian Empire. Aim to maintain 1863 = Import tariffs Reforms jury of property-owners.
Empathised with autocratic power. reduced. Democratic, by peers.
struggles of citizens. 1958 = Pro-Emancipation Encouraged trade. Alexander Golovnin = Judges = Given extra
Family = Many wanted to tour to persuade nobles. By 1869 = State, Municipal Education Minister 1862 – training and pay.
abolish serfdom. and Savings Banks. 1866. Still appointed by Tsar.
Autocrat = Still wanted to Private entrepreneurs Zemstva = Controlled Local Justices of the Peace
preserve his power. developed railways through primary and secondary. = Elected by zemstva every
Believed reforms had to 1858 - 70 : Censorship gov investment. More accountability. 3 years.
be made to do this. Reforms 6% Annual Wage Open to All = Regardless of Independent from
Uprisings doubled 1844 – Growth. class or gender. political control.
1859 from serfs. Restrictions Reduced = Agriculture = Dominant. Modern Schools = Created Military and Church Courts
Western Industrialisation = Domestic and foreign 1/3 budget repay debt. for less traditional = Excluded from reform.
Russia very behind. publications allowed (with 66% of revenue still from curriculums. Western Provinces = Jury
Pressure to reform gov approval) indirect tax. University = Governed trials never established.
economically. Press = Could comment on themselves. Easier to suppress any
government policy. Increase in literacy but nationalist rebellion.
1855 – 1864 = 1020 - 1836 also rev ideas.
books published.
1855 : Summary of Russia 1856 : Treaty of Paris 1861 : Emancipation Edict 1860s : Tsarist Opposition 1863 : Polish Rebellion 1
Political Control Ended the Crimean War. Crimea = Exposed need to Nihilism = Rebellion against Against Tsar = 200,000
Bureaucratic autocracy. Russia defeated by reform economically. religious teaching. created underground gov,
Orthodox Church had Turkey, GB and FR. Legally freed serfs. Liberals = Mainly through rebelled using guerrilla
power and intertwined Russian warships could Could buy land (but zemstva, wanted reform. warfare.
with the State. not use Black Sea in chosen by landowners) Westernisers = Wanted
Police State = Enforced peace time. Redemption Payments = democracy and industry.
by Third Section. Political Impact Could not leave Mir until Young Russia 1862 = Rev. 1864 – 70 : Local Government
Economic Backwardness Russia exposed as weak paid off. student group Unis. Reforms
Agriculture = Dominated against the West Tied to land through tax Chernyshevsky : ‘What is to
production. Revolts = People against Mir = Peasant community, be done?’ 1862 Zemstva = Elected councils
1855 : Alexander II 1856 : Preparations for 1862 : Start of Economic 1863 : Volost Courts 1864 : Judiciary Reforms
Reform Modernisation
‘Tsar Liberator’ = More Judicial Reforms = All Innocent before guilty =
liberal than his father. Drafts for Emancipation = Mikhail von Reutern = peasant trials managed by Fair and public trials.
Legacy = Aimed to Alexander II asked nobility Finance Minister 1862 – elected board of peasants Courts = Local,
reform Russia. to give suggestions. 1878. and Noble peace officer. provincial and national.
Vasily Zhukovsky = A2’s “it is far better that this Treasury = Started National Trials =
liberal tutor. should come about publishing budgets. Reported in government
Influence of his views. from above, rather Tax = Abolished tax press.
Upbringing = Had travelled than below.” farming for indirect tax. 1863 – 64 : Education Criminal Cases = Before
Russian Empire. Aim to maintain 1863 = Import tariffs Reforms jury of property-owners.
Empathised with autocratic power. reduced. Democratic, by peers.
struggles of citizens. 1958 = Pro-Emancipation Encouraged trade. Alexander Golovnin = Judges = Given extra
Family = Many wanted to tour to persuade nobles. By 1869 = State, Municipal Education Minister 1862 – training and pay.
abolish serfdom. and Savings Banks. 1866. Still appointed by Tsar.
Autocrat = Still wanted to Private entrepreneurs Zemstva = Controlled Local Justices of the Peace
preserve his power. developed railways through primary and secondary. = Elected by zemstva every
Believed reforms had to 1858 - 70 : Censorship gov investment. More accountability. 3 years.
be made to do this. Reforms 6% Annual Wage Open to All = Regardless of Independent from
Uprisings doubled 1844 – Growth. class or gender. political control.
1859 from serfs. Restrictions Reduced = Agriculture = Dominant. Modern Schools = Created Military and Church Courts
Western Industrialisation = Domestic and foreign 1/3 budget repay debt. for less traditional = Excluded from reform.
Russia very behind. publications allowed (with 66% of revenue still from curriculums. Western Provinces = Jury
Pressure to reform gov approval) indirect tax. University = Governed trials never established.
economically. Press = Could comment on themselves. Easier to suppress any
government policy. Increase in literacy but nationalist rebellion.
1855 – 1864 = 1020 - 1836 also rev ideas.
books published.
1855 : Summary of Russia 1856 : Treaty of Paris 1861 : Emancipation Edict 1860s : Tsarist Opposition 1863 : Polish Rebellion 1
Political Control Ended the Crimean War. Crimea = Exposed need to Nihilism = Rebellion against Against Tsar = 200,000
Bureaucratic autocracy. Russia defeated by reform economically. religious teaching. created underground gov,
Orthodox Church had Turkey, GB and FR. Legally freed serfs. Liberals = Mainly through rebelled using guerrilla
power and intertwined Russian warships could Could buy land (but zemstva, wanted reform. warfare.
with the State. not use Black Sea in chosen by landowners) Westernisers = Wanted
Police State = Enforced peace time. Redemption Payments = democracy and industry.
by Third Section. Political Impact Could not leave Mir until Young Russia 1862 = Rev. 1864 – 70 : Local Government
Economic Backwardness Russia exposed as weak paid off. student group Unis. Reforms
Agriculture = Dominated against the West Tied to land through tax Chernyshevsky : ‘What is to
production. Revolts = People against Mir = Peasant community, be done?’ 1862 Zemstva = Elected councils
