Bios 256 Final Exam Review

BIOS 256 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Ch.24 Villi • Fingerlike projections of the mucosa of the small intestines aid in absorption • Microvilli enhance the absorption effectiveness of the small intestines by increasing the surface area Pancreas and Biliary Tree • The main pancreatic duct and common bile duct join and empty into the duodenum Liver and Gallbladder • The liver makes bile o Aids in digestion o Made up of water, bile salts, bile pigments o Bile salts play a role in emulsification  Breakdown of large lipid globules into small lipids • The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed. Pancreas • Exocrine (digestion) o Exocrine cells arranged in clusters called acini o Acini produces digestive enzymes • Endocrine (hormone) o Pancreatic islets o Each islet includes hormone secreting cells  Alpha secrete glucagon  Beta secrete insulin Absorptive state- hormonal regulation in the absorptive state • The effects of insulin dominate in the absorptive state. Anabolic hormone. It makes things. • Insulin also helps get rid of glucose in blood. Ch. 25 Summary of Cellular respiration • Cellular respiration will generate either 30 or 32 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose catabolized. • Forms 6 water molecules. Summary of Principle reactions • Glycolysis, krebs cycle, and especially ETC provide all ATP for cellular activities • Krebs and ETC are aerobic processes • ETC occurs within inner mitochondrial membrane • Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid. If oxygen  acetyl coA krebs cycle makes NADH AND FADH2 • ETC makes 28 or 26 ATP. Ch. 26 Water Reabsorption • Obligatory water reabsorption- 90% o Water follows the solutes that are reabsorbed o Mostly in proximal convoluted tubules. • Facultative water reabsorption- final 10% o Occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts o Regulated by ADH