developmental psych exam 1

An individual's life story is influenced by which of the following factors? a. physical abilities b. socioeconomic status c. sexual orientation d. all of these d According to a human development assumption in the Newman and Newman text, development is based on __________. a. only an individual's biological ability b. the interaction of the social. psychological, and biological systems c. only an individual's psychological ability d. the relationship between the psychological and biological abilities b 00:03 01:33 According to Erik Erikson, human life is produced by ____________. a. societal system b. biological system c. interaction of biological, psychological, and societal systems d. psychological system c According to your text, the developing person a. can modify the psychological system through self-guided choice. b. can modify one system without affecting other systems. c. has no control over their development. d. cannot modify their psychological system. a Dale is 12 years old and is being raised by a single mother who recently lost her job. Dale and his mom are now homeless and experiencing poverty for the first time. Chip is 6 years old. He is being raised by an unemployed single father. Chip and his father have been living in poverty since Chip's birth. According to research on poverty, who is more at risk for negative consequences pertaining to health, cognitive development, and school achievement? a. Dale and Chip b. Chip c. Dale d. neither Dale nor Chip because they are being raised by a parent b A high level of functioning in later life is associated with a. education. b. health. c. lifestyle. d. all of these. d All cultures support physical growth and health in similar ways. True False false All growth stops after the period of adolescence. True False false In the context of human development assumptions, the term plasticity refers to ________________. a. the resilience of poverty b. adaptive re-organization in life span c. interaction of biological and psychological systems d. continuity and developmental change b Individuals' lives show _________ and ___________ as they progress through time. a. similarities; assumptions b. continuity; change c. expectancy; accidents d. differences; assimilation b Language, memory, and problem solving are considered aspects of which of the following systems? a. ecological b. biological c. psychological d. societal c In the U.S., sixteen-year-olds expect to obtain a driver's license. This is an example of ___________. a. age-graded societal expectations b. biological influences c. individualism d. psychological functioning a 00:04 01:33 Upgrade to remove ads Only $35.99/year Marissa attended her 20th high school reunion. Her interpretation of classmates' behavior differs today from her reaction 20 years ago. This is because _____________. a. she has physically matured b. the meaning of experiences changes over the life course c. personal relationships are static d. she didn't have many high school relationships b Likely advances in ________ and treatment, coupled with _______ can lead to higher standards of living in later life. a. medical technology; improved support services b. eliminating poverty; new drugs c. insurance reform; improved support services d. medical technology; increased Medicare coverage a Life expectancy is likely to keep increasing dramatically. True False false Sensory capacities, motor responses, respiratory, circulatory, and endocrine systems are considered elements of which of the following systems? a. psychoanalytic b. psychological c. biological d. societal c Poverty is considered an element of the _________ system. a. psychological b. biological c. societal d. temporal c The life span approach strives to identify _____________. a. individual differences in biological factors that lead to maladaptation b. uncommon bonds among groups of people that lead to hostility between societies c. interactions of individuals that produce prejudice and discrimination d. patterns of transition and transformation from one period of life to another d The reason we need to understand the whole person is because a. our families do not affect our development. b. we function as an individual. c. we do not contribute to our own development. d. we function in an integrated manner. d The meaning of an individual's behavior is best understood through an analysis of __________. a. an individual's physical environment b. an individual's personal relationships c. family relationships d. all of these d The influence of culture in one's lifespan is considered to be a component of which of the following systems? a. societal b. psychoanalytic c. psychological d. biological a There is no way to slow the impact of aging. True False false Psychological change is partly guided by genetic information. True False true Which of the following statements best illustrates the case of Patrick Jonathan Carmichael? a. The quality of parent-child relationships in adulthood is based on the economic resources of the family during childhood. b. Parents who are dependent in later life were likely to have been passive in their adulthood. c. Parent-child relationships are constant from childhood through adulthood. d. Children can redefine their relationship with their parents in adulthood. d Which of the following statements is considered an assumption of the Newman and Newman text? a. The primary purpose of the study of human development is to explain objective thought. b. Behavior must be interpreted in the context of settings and relationships. c. Human behavior has the same meaning in every setting. d. Human growth occurs up to age 12. b Which of the following statements is considered an example of how the environment influences the biological system? a. An infant is exposed to many illnesses while attending infant day care. b. An adolescent attends middle school and then goes to high school. c. A family takes a vacation. d. A toddler is adopted by a family that speaks a different language from his or her biological parent. a Which of the following descriptors accurately reflects the biological system? a. can modify the social and psychological systems b. can change over time c. is guided by genetics d. all of these d Which of the following systems can change over the life span? a. psychological b. biological c. societal d. all of these d Which of the following statements best describes the psychosocial approach? a. Lives show patterns of change up through adolescence, and continuity thereafter. b. Most psychological development is a result of the environment. c. Development must be understood as the integration of the biological, psychological, and societal systems. d. Home and school are the only relevant social environments. c Which of the following is not considered a major factor contributing to families living in poverty? a. increase in single-mother households b. decline in purchasing power of the minimum wage c. increase in life expectancy d. decline in well-paying blue-collar jobs c As an organizing framework, psychosocial theory is useful because a. it focuses solely on the age ranges of adolescence and adulthood. b. it ignores the role of culture in a person's development. c. it focuses only on the biological influences on human development. d. it assumes people actively contribute to their development. d A developmental stage is best defined as ________________. a. a set of skills and competencies that one performs b. a period of life that is characterized by a specific underlying organization c. the ability to manage stress and emotions associated with that stress d. people who are important sources of support and information at each period of life b A psychosocial crisis is resolved through a. age-graded expectations based on biological maturity. b. an orderly unfolding of functions. c. a central process linking individuals' needs with cultural expectations. d. hard work and persistence. c Consistent efforts to cope with a psychosocial crisis result in a. radius significant others. b. prime adaptive ego qualities. c. developmental tasks. d. appraisal. b Development tasks contribute to increased mastery over our environment. True False true Erikson suggested that there is a biological plan for growth which allows each function to emerge in a systematic way until the fully functioning organism is developed. What is this concept called? a. moratorium b. coping c. epigenetic principle d. psychosocial crisis c Developmental tasks can be viewed as Selected Answer: a. competencies that lead to mastery of the environment. b. unrelated to stages of a person's development. c. the physical challenges in a stage of development. d. the unfolding of the epigenetic principle. a Izekial was preparing for his marriage at the age of 13. His upcoming marriage is typical of his peers in Iran. This example best illustrates which of the following influences of developmental tasks? a. biological age of individuals b. cultural values c. physical growth and development d. teachable moment and sensitive period b For most children, the primary social context of childhood is a. community. b. family. c. religion. d. nation. b In terms of the context of development, culture refers to a. the exclusion of technology and religion in age-graded expectations. b. uncommon threads of standardization of an ethnic group. c. a group of individuals who co-reside with one another in a community. d. socially standardized ways of thinking, feeling, and acting shared by members of a society. d Psychosocial theory presents human development as a product of ________. a. culmination of human experience calculated in older adulthood b. the interaction between biological and psychological needs and societal expectations c. genetic influences on personality development d. infantile experiences of the id, ego, and superego b Psychosocial theory is considered a stage theory because at each stage a. there is no specific direction or order for the stages. b. failures at each stage prevent an individual from growing and developing past age 13. c. there lacks an organization underlying the stage. d. accomplishments from previous stages provide resources for mastering challenges at new stages. d Psychosocial crises arise because Selected Answer: a. of the unsatisfactory relationship developed between parents and children. b. of a discrepancy between a person's competence and societal expectations. c. most people are not prepared for the level of intimacy and identity required in adult life. d. society benefits when most of the people are in some kind of conflict. b Prime adaptive ego qualities and core pathologies influence one's a. generational cohort. b. subcultural or ethnic identity. c. physical development. d. worldview d Psychosocial stages of life may be partially described through autobiographical memories. True False true Imitation moves a child toward autonomy. True False true The stage theory concept ______________________. a. follows a haphazard pattern b. focuses on correlations c. proposes a specific direction of development d. uses naturalized relationships c When Alana was 2 years old, she was able to burp at the dinner table because she was considered 'a kid.' Now at age 16, Alana is expected to be polite at the dinner table. This is an example of a. developmental tasks. b. life roles. c. age-graded expectations. d. life stages. c Unpredictable life stresses, such as divorce and death, may contribute to the a. sequential progression of life stage development. b. speeding up of resolving a psychosocial crisis. c. progression to future life stages. d. re-working of earlier life stages. d The term radius of significant others refers to a. a network of relationships important to an individual. b. the tension between individual development and societal pressures. c. a geometric pattern illustrating the life stages and psychosocial crisis. d. a process for resolving a psychosocial crisis. a The key function of the radius of significant relationships is to a. help individuals learn their spoken language. b. determine the age of adulthood. c. recognize the demands of society brought to bear on the individual. d. determine a person's fame based on network size. c The emphasis on the interplay between individual development and society is considered a a. strength of psychosocial theory. b. weakness of psychosocial theory. c. psychosocial crisis embedded in psychosocial theory. d. factor that is not considered in psychosocial theory. a Which of the following statements best describes the concept of stages? a. Poverty can alter the sequence of stages. b. Ages correspond directly to stages. c. The length of each stage remains constant. d. All individuals follow the same stage sequence. d Which of the following is not a characteristic of developmental stages in psychosocial theory? a. Each new stage incorporates gains made in earlier stages. b. The stages reflect a biologically based plan for the nature and direction and growth. c. Once a stage is passed, there is no way to review or reinterpret events from that stage. d. Each new stage brings a qualitatively new approach for understanding oneself and others. c Which of the following statements about psychosocial stages is most accurate? a. Once a stage is passed, the achievements of that period are never challenged again. b. At each stage, one struggles with one, and only one, major developmental issue. c. The way one perceives and experiences life varies qualitatively from stage to stage. d. Once a stage is passed, the achievements of earlier stages are no longer relevant. c Which of the following statements about developmental tasks is most accurate? a. Achieving developmental tasks in one stage contributes to greater chances of achieving developmental tasks of future stages. b. Developmental tasks are universal and are not related to societal expectations. c. Learning about team play is a developmental task for all stages of life. d. There is no relationship between developmental tasks of one life stage and the psychosocial crisis of previous stages. a Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between developmental tasks and the psychosocial crisis? a. Mastery of developmental tasks is influenced by the resolution of the psychosocial crisis. b. Mastery of developmental tasks is not related to the resolution of the psychosocial crisis. c. Skills learned from developmental tasks allow individuals to skip resolving the psychosocial crisis. d. Developmental tasks are resolved independently of the psychosocial crisis. a Which of the following statements concerning the resolution of psychosocial crisis is most accurate? a. Most people resolve crisis in a generally positive direction based on developmental task achievement. b. Most people resolve crisis in a generally negative direction based on complex developmental tasks as one ages. c. Individuals are most likely to have a completely positive resolution of the crisis based on epigenetic principle. d. Individuals are most likely to have a completely negative resolution of the crisis based on societal influence. a Which of the following statements best describes the importance of the negative poles at each psychosocial crisis? a. The negative poles highlight issues where the rights of the individual outweigh the rights of the group. b. The negative poles define specific types of mental illness. c. The negative poles reflect areas of vulnerability at each stage. d. The negative poles predict the possibility of criminal activity at a later stage. c Which of the following statements best describes the central process, an organizing concept of psychosocial theory? a. The epigenetic principle allows internalization of processes central to development. b. The dichotomy of a psychosocial crisis is reflected in the central process. c. The central process identifies a discrepancy between a developmental task and stage. d. The central process helps to resolve the psychosocial crisis. d Who is considered the developer of psychosocial theory? a. Erik Erikson b. Peter Blos c. Jean Piaget d. Sigmund Freud a Which of the following terms refers to the transmission of values and knowledge across generations? a. psychosocial evolution b. psychosocial crisis c. coping d. stages of development a Which of the following is not one of the six basic concepts of psychosocial theory as defined by the text? a. stages of development b. developmental tasks c. operational definition d. a radiating network of significant relationships c Which of the following statements reflects a psychosocial stage approach to development? a. Psychological growth occurs in a patterned sequence. b. One can reinterpret previous stages in light of new experiences. c. Each stage brings a unique set of problems to solve. d. All of these reflect a psychosocial approach. d Which of the following terms refer to the tension that is experienced as a person strives to adjust to societal demands at each life stage of development? a. sensitive period b. epigenetic principle c. radius of significant relationships d. psychosocial crisis d Which phrase best describes psychosocial crisis? a. an unpredictable life event b. a normal set of stresses and strains c. an unusual set of stresses and strains d. an absence of societal demands b Which of the following terms refers to an individual's active efforts to resolve stress and find new solutions to challenges? a. defense b. coping c. equilibrium d. developmental stage b A ________ is a logical system of concepts that provides a framework for organizing and interpreting observations. a. theory b. variable c. symbol d. correlation a A theory of human development is expected to provide explanations for which of the following? a. how society and economics change over time b. how people change and grow over the lifespan c. conflicts between ethnic subcultures d. causes of illness and health over the lifespan b Which of the following is considered the age range conceptualized by psychosocial theory? a. infancy through age 12 b. adolescence c. the entire life span d. early through middle adulthood c A gene is a. a portion of DNA that codes for the production of one protein. b. an egg or sperm cell. c. a chain of DNA molecules d. the observed characteristics of a trait. a After fertilization, about how long does it take before the embryo is implanted in the uterus? a. 1 hour b. 6 days c. 6 hours d. 1 day b Agents that can produce malformations in the fetus while tissues and organs are forming are called a. zygote perils. b. gestational intercepts. c. amniotics. d. teratogens. d At 23 weeks of gestation, a baby's foot will appear a. without five distinct toes. b. malformed but nearly as large as full term. c. unlike a foot. d. the same as full term but much smaller. d A significant risk associated with childbearing after age 40 is a. Down syndrome. b. divorce. c. abortion. d. inadequate diet. a A good rule of thumb when trying to determine the impact of environmental toxins on fetal development is: a. If it does not bother young children aged 6 to 10, it will not bother the developing fetus. b. If it does not bother the mother, it will not bother the developing fetus. c. The impact on fetal development must be assessed separately from the impact on children or adults. d. The fetus is well protected. There are very few toxins to which it is likely to be vulnerable. c How are gamete cells different from other cells in the body? a. They each contain 23 chromosomes rather than 23 pairs of chromosomes. b. They contain genetic information. c. They disintegrate and die. d. They have membranes that surround them a At what age in fetal development would you expect to first hear the fetal heartbeat? a. 4 weeks b. 6 months c. 3 months d. 8 months c Children conceived in poverty have the highest risk of infant mortality because a. their mothers receive poorer quality prenatal care. b. their mothers are exposed to more toxins during the prenatal period. c. their mothers are likely to experience malnutrition. d. all of these d How are the effects of malnutrition on human fetal development studied? a. By using an experimental and control group design in which mothers are randomly given an inadequate or an adequate diet during pregnancy. b. By using a survey technique to determine how hungry women are during pregnancy. c. By examining birth records for babies born during periods of famine. d. By cutting off the food supply to a random group of pregnant women for 3 days in the last trimester of pregnancy. c Children born to untreated HIV positive mothers have a _____ percent chance of developing the disease and a _____ percent chance if breastfed. a. 95; 25 b. 25; 10 c. 50; 50 d. 25; 45 d In the 2nd trimester, the pregnant woman experiences early fetal movement called a. fluttering. b. quickening. c. neural awakening. d. amniotic waves. b In Japan, becoming pregnant and giving birth to a child a. has a negative effect on a woman's social status. b. is the highest role a woman can play, making her a fully tenured person in the family. c. is viewed as interfering with productivity at work. d. results in women losing their impact in the community. b Janice is likely to less problems of depression in pregnancy if she has a. high self-esteem. b. financial resources. c. social support. d. all of these. d In a longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol, what was one of the findings? a. Children who had been exposed to alcohol prenatally were delayed in motor development. b. There were no enduring effects of alcohol for women who consumed 1 to 2 ounces per day. c. A positive f