Summary NR 503 WEEK 5 Final exam reviewer.

NR 503 WEEK 5 Final exam reviewer. cultural competence- not an option but a necessity for APRNs. Cultural competence is defined as “a dynamic, fluid, continuous process whereby an individual, system or health care agency find meaningful and useful care delivery strategies based on knowledge of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those to whom they render care” (Giger & Davidhizar, 2002, p.186). cultural awareness- Self-examination of one's own prejudices and biases toward other cultures. An in-depth exploration of one's own cultural/ethnic background. Cultural humility- A lifelong commitment to self-evaluation and self-critiques, redressing the power of imbalances in the patient- physician dynamic, developing mutually. Beneficial relationships. Cultural knowledge- Obtaining a sound educational foundation concerning the various worldviews of differences cultures. Obtaining knowledge regarding biological variations, disease and health conditions and variation in drug metabolism Cultural skill- Ability to collect culturally relevant data regarding the client's health history and presenting problem. Ability to conduct culturally based physician assessments. Conducting these assessments in a culturally sensitive manner. Cultural desire- Motivation of the healthcare provider to "want" to engage in the process of cultural competence, characteristics of compassion, authenticity, humility, openness, availability, and flexibility, commi tment and passion to caring, regardless of conflict. Kleinman Explanatory Model- individuals and groups can have vastly different notions of health and disease.  What do you call your problem?  What do you think caused your problem?  Why do you think it started when it did?  What does your sickness do to you?  What do you fear most about your sickness?  What are the chief problems your sickness has caused you?  What kind of treatment do you think you should receive?  What is the most important result you hope to receive from the treatment? Cultural factors:  communication (verbal and nonverbal);  personal space;  social organization;  time perception;  environmental control; and  biological variations. Accomodation- To create an environment that accommodates health practice and ritual from other cultures within a plan of care Acculturation- Degree two which an individual from one culture has given up the traits of that culture and adopted the traits of the dominant cultural in which they now reside Assimilation- The social, economic, and political integration of a cultural group into a mainstream society to which it may have emigrated Cultural competence- Respect for, and understanding of, diverse ethnic and cultural groups, their histories, traditions, beliefs, and value systems Norms- a standard or pattern, especially of social behavior, that is typical or expected of a group. Values- are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions. They help us to determine what is important to us. Values describe the personal qualities we choose to embody to guide our actions; the sort of person we want to be; the manner in which we treat ourselves and others, and our interaction with the world around us. They provide the general guidelines for conduct. socioeconomic status- is the social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation. disparities- A review of the literature by Brach and Fraser (2011) affords both empirical and conceptual support for the potential effectiveness of cultural competence strategies for reducing racial and ethnic disparities. Singletone and Krause (2009) have identified the confounding variables that result in subpar health communication. These includes: - low health literacy - cultural barriers - low English proficiency  the healthcare system is often confusing for individuals who are proficient in English but are not familiar with healthcare knowledge and terminology.  One can imagine the synergistic effect of having low health literacy in addition to having inadequate English skills.  The confluence can hinder optimal utilization of the healthcare system. Minorities- Research suggests that racial minorities, those whose numbers are not in the majority, face greater health care challenges than the general population.  Black/African American  American Indian/Alaska Native  Asian American  Hispanic/Latino  Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander food desert- is an area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food, in contrast with an area with higher access to supermarkets or vegetable shops with fresh foods, which is called a food oasis social determinants of health- are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age that shape health. This brief provides an overview of social determinants of health and emerging initiatives to address them. - Socioeconomic status - Education - Neighborhood - Physical environment - Employment - Social support networks - Access to healthcare social justice theory and healthcare - Social justice is a political and philosophical theory which asserts that there are dimensions to the concept of justice beyond those embodied in the principles of civil or criminal law, economic supply and demand, or traditional moral frameworks. Social justice tends to focus more on just relations between groups within society as opposed to the justice of individual conduct or justice for individuals. - Historically and in theory, the idea of social justice is that all people should have equal access to wealth, health, well-being, justice, privileges, and opportunity regardless of their legal, political, economic, or other circumstances. data sources are used to assess determinants of health Data can be a catalyst for improving community health and well-being. Understanding data on social determinants of health, such as income, educational level, and employment, can help focus efforts to improve community health. The following tools are supported by CDC resources; some tools include references to data sources outside of CDC.  Chronic Disease Indicators o Level of data: state, territory, select large metropolitan areas o The Chronic Disease Indicators enable public health professionals and policy makers to retrieve state and selected metropolitan-level data for chronic diseases and risk factors.  Interactive Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke o Level of data: national, state, territory, county o The Interactive Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke enables online county-level mapping of heart disease and stroke by race/ethnicity, gender, and age group. Maps can show social and economic factors and health services for the United States, specific states, or territories.  National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Atlas o Level of data: national, state, select territories o The Atlas provides interactive maps, graphs, tables, and figures showing geographic patterns and time trends of the reported occurrence of the following diseases: HIV, AIDS, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and primary and secondary syphilis. The data are based on nationally notifiable infectious diseases in the United States and can be used to examine disparities.  National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network o Level of data: national, state, county o The Tracking Network is a system of integrated health, exposure, and hazard information and data from a variety of national, state, and city sources. Maps, tables, and charts with data about environmental indicators (e.g., particulate matter in the air) are available.