NR283 IPathophysiology
I Unit I6 I– IChapterI16
I Outline
Endocrine
1. What Iis Ithe Idifference Ibetween Isteroidal Iand I non-steroidal I hormones? I(p. I403)
• Steroids Iare I lipids Ithat Ienter I the Icell Iand I nucleus Iand Iact Idirectly I in I the I nucleus
ItoIe ngage I in Itranscription I(messenger IRNA).
• Non-steroidal Ineeds Ia Isecond I messenger Isystem Ito I finally Iactivate I the I formation
of I mRNA.
2. How Iare I hormones I most I frequently Icontrolled? I(p. I403-404)
• They Iare Icontrolled Iby Ia Inegative I feedback I mechanism.
• For Iexample, Ias I levels Iof I glucose I increase Ithe Isecretion Iof I insulin
I increases.IW hen Ithe Iglucose I levels Idecrease, I insulin Isecretion Idecreases
3. For Ieach I hormone, I list Ithe Isecreting I organ Ior I gland Iand Ithe Iprimary Iaction: I (p. I404)
a. Adre nocorticotropic Ihormone I(ACTH)
• Secreting Igland: IPituitary
• Source: IAdenohypophysis
• Primary Iaction: IStimulates Iadrenal Icortex Ito Isecrete Iprimarily Icortisol.
b. Thyroid-stimulating Ihormone I(TSH)
• Secreting Igland: IPituitary
• Source: IAdenohypophysis
• Primary Iaction: Istimulates Ithyroid I gland
c. Antidiuretic Ihormone I(ADH)
• Secreting Igland: IPituitary-posterior I lobe I(neurohypophysis)
• Primary Iaction: IIncrease Ireabsorption Iof Iwater I in Ikidney
d. Insulin
• Secreting Iorgan: IPancreas- Ibeta Icells Iof I islet Iof ILangerhans
• Primary Iaction: ITransport Iof Iglucose Iand Iother Isubstance I into Icells.
ILowersIb lood I glucose I level.
e. Aldosterone
, • Secreting: IAdrenal Icortex
• Primary Iaction: IIncreases Isodium Iand Iwater Ireabsorption Iin Ithe Ikidney.
f. Parathyroid Ihormone I(PTH)
• Secreting Iorgan: IParathyroid I gland
• Primary Iaction: IIncreases Iblood Icalcium I level Iby Istimulating Ibone
Idemineralization Iand I increasing I absorption Iof ICa+ I in I the Idigestive I tract
IandIk idney.
g. Cortisol
• Secreting Iorgan: IAdrenal Icortex
• Primary Iaction: IAnti- inflammatory Iand Idecreases I immune Iresponse.
ICatabolicIe ffect Ion I tissues; Istress Iresponse.
4. What I is ISyndrome Iof IInappropriate I Diuretic IHormone I(SIADH)? I(p. I418)
a) Definition: IIs Idue Ito Iexcess IADH, I which Icauses Iretention Iof I fluid.
b) Characteristics: IWater Iretention Iand Ihypoosmolar Istate.
c) Causes: Itumors, Ipulmonary Idisorders, Icentral I nervous Isystem Idisorders, Iand
IsurgeryImedications.
d) Clinical Ifindings: IHyponatremia, I hypoosmolarity, Iand Iconcentrated I urine.
e) Clinical I manifestations: ILoss Iof Iappetite, I nausea, I vomiting, I headache, I fatigue,
IandImalaise.
f) Severe Isymptoms: IMental Iconfusion Iand I irritability.
5. What I is IDiabetes IInsipidus? I (p. I418)
a) Definition: IA Ideficit Iof Iantidiuretic Ihormone I resulting I in I excessive I loss Iof I fluid
IandIdehydration. IThis I deficit I may Ioriginate I in Ithe Ineurohypophysis.
b) Characteristics: IPolyuria Iwith I large Ivolumes Iof Idilute Iurine Iand Ithirst,
IeventuallyIcausing Isevere Idehydration.
c) Causes: IInadequate Isecretion Iby Ipituitary Ior I inadequate Iresponse Iby Ikidneys.
d) Clinical Ifindings: IInability Ito Iconcentrate I urine, I increased Iplasma Iosmolality,
IandIhypernatremia.
6. What I is IHyperthyroidism? I(p. I419-420)
I Unit I6 I– IChapterI16
I Outline
Endocrine
1. What Iis Ithe Idifference Ibetween Isteroidal Iand I non-steroidal I hormones? I(p. I403)
• Steroids Iare I lipids Ithat Ienter I the Icell Iand I nucleus Iand Iact Idirectly I in I the I nucleus
ItoIe ngage I in Itranscription I(messenger IRNA).
• Non-steroidal Ineeds Ia Isecond I messenger Isystem Ito I finally Iactivate I the I formation
of I mRNA.
2. How Iare I hormones I most I frequently Icontrolled? I(p. I403-404)
• They Iare Icontrolled Iby Ia Inegative I feedback I mechanism.
• For Iexample, Ias I levels Iof I glucose I increase Ithe Isecretion Iof I insulin
I increases.IW hen Ithe Iglucose I levels Idecrease, I insulin Isecretion Idecreases
3. For Ieach I hormone, I list Ithe Isecreting I organ Ior I gland Iand Ithe Iprimary Iaction: I (p. I404)
a. Adre nocorticotropic Ihormone I(ACTH)
• Secreting Igland: IPituitary
• Source: IAdenohypophysis
• Primary Iaction: IStimulates Iadrenal Icortex Ito Isecrete Iprimarily Icortisol.
b. Thyroid-stimulating Ihormone I(TSH)
• Secreting Igland: IPituitary
• Source: IAdenohypophysis
• Primary Iaction: Istimulates Ithyroid I gland
c. Antidiuretic Ihormone I(ADH)
• Secreting Igland: IPituitary-posterior I lobe I(neurohypophysis)
• Primary Iaction: IIncrease Ireabsorption Iof Iwater I in Ikidney
d. Insulin
• Secreting Iorgan: IPancreas- Ibeta Icells Iof I islet Iof ILangerhans
• Primary Iaction: ITransport Iof Iglucose Iand Iother Isubstance I into Icells.
ILowersIb lood I glucose I level.
e. Aldosterone
, • Secreting: IAdrenal Icortex
• Primary Iaction: IIncreases Isodium Iand Iwater Ireabsorption Iin Ithe Ikidney.
f. Parathyroid Ihormone I(PTH)
• Secreting Iorgan: IParathyroid I gland
• Primary Iaction: IIncreases Iblood Icalcium I level Iby Istimulating Ibone
Idemineralization Iand I increasing I absorption Iof ICa+ I in I the Idigestive I tract
IandIk idney.
g. Cortisol
• Secreting Iorgan: IAdrenal Icortex
• Primary Iaction: IAnti- inflammatory Iand Idecreases I immune Iresponse.
ICatabolicIe ffect Ion I tissues; Istress Iresponse.
4. What I is ISyndrome Iof IInappropriate I Diuretic IHormone I(SIADH)? I(p. I418)
a) Definition: IIs Idue Ito Iexcess IADH, I which Icauses Iretention Iof I fluid.
b) Characteristics: IWater Iretention Iand Ihypoosmolar Istate.
c) Causes: Itumors, Ipulmonary Idisorders, Icentral I nervous Isystem Idisorders, Iand
IsurgeryImedications.
d) Clinical Ifindings: IHyponatremia, I hypoosmolarity, Iand Iconcentrated I urine.
e) Clinical I manifestations: ILoss Iof Iappetite, I nausea, I vomiting, I headache, I fatigue,
IandImalaise.
f) Severe Isymptoms: IMental Iconfusion Iand I irritability.
5. What I is IDiabetes IInsipidus? I (p. I418)
a) Definition: IA Ideficit Iof Iantidiuretic Ihormone I resulting I in I excessive I loss Iof I fluid
IandIdehydration. IThis I deficit I may Ioriginate I in Ithe Ineurohypophysis.
b) Characteristics: IPolyuria Iwith I large Ivolumes Iof Idilute Iurine Iand Ithirst,
IeventuallyIcausing Isevere Idehydration.
c) Causes: IInadequate Isecretion Iby Ipituitary Ior I inadequate Iresponse Iby Ikidneys.
d) Clinical Ifindings: IInability Ito Iconcentrate I urine, I increased Iplasma Iosmolality,
IandIhypernatremia.
6. What I is IHyperthyroidism? I(p. I419-420)
