Evolutionary Mechanisms and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Principle.

Questions: Simulation A 8: a.) The three lines represent the coat color of the mice, as expected the homozygous dominant (AA) was graphed higher than the homozygous recessive genotype (aa). The heterozygous genotype (Aa), was graphed higher than the others because as genes are passed from generation to generation They are likely to get 50% of the heterozygous genotype (Aa) which results in a grey color or a black color coat. b.) The frequency of AA would increase because the increase in fitness allows for those who carry the genotype (AA) to pass down to the next generation making it a higher percentage that the offspring would carry that genotype. c.) I see that over time it starts off very high, but then it decreases after a period of generations this is because although the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is not expressed as often as the heterozygous genotype (Aa) it still gets produced in the offsprings making the genotype (Aa) more likely to be produced. This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :31:40 GMT -06:00 d.) Genotypic frequency depends on the fitness presented among a population. For example if the fitness for a specific genotype (AA) is greater than the genotype (aa) than the survival rate for the individual with the genotype of (AA) is greater which leads to more reproduction of that genotype. e.) Rare genetic diseases can be fought off within a population but natural selection works so that it doesn’t completely “disappear”, an can reappear later in the generations. Simulation B: 2: What is the equilibrium condition? What are the major differences between this simulation and the previous one? - The equilibrium condition is dependent on the genotypic frequencies. A major difference between this simulation and the first is that we change the genotypes of each so that (AA) was 0.9 instead of 1.0. This also changes the fitness of the genotype (AA) so that it is less likely to reproduce rather than it was in the first simulation. Simulation C: 5: a.) They differed in behavior, some either went higher than others and others dipped lower. b.) The interactions between the loci were similar they both fluctuated and a dispersed graph. c.) Yes, some of the colors were most likely to be first in fixation because in the beginning of the generations, they either skyrocketed up or dipped at an extreme rate. This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :31:40 GMT -06:00 d.) The time it took for the first fixation depended on how early it needed to be “fixed” usually the first outgroup was the first to get fixed. e.) Population size affects the fixation of the alleles so that if it was a smaller population size, the greater the chances of getting fixed are those alleles present. Simulation D: 5.) With a smaller population, the effects of each allele would increase as the generations decrease. 6.) So as the generations increase, the alleles are affecting a lot more of the individuals in the population. 8.) If we assumed that there were no owls then there would be no reason for the mice to evolve as the color of their coats wouldn't matter because the predator rates were keeped at zero. 9.) These results tell us that in a larger population selection and drift is more likely to occur having a large effect on the population. 10.) It tells us that the homozygous dominant (AA) and the homozygous recessive (aa) had a higher frequency within the population from the selection and drift that took place. 11.) a.) the allele frequency for T is .90 and the allele frequency for t is 1.0 b.) The expected genotype frequencies are a higher Tt and tt. c.) The phenotypic frequencies are that there are going to be more nontasters