BIOS 242 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide
Definitions to know:
Immunology: Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens.
Halophiles: salt lovers environment
Spirochete: Group of helical, Gram-negative bacteria with axial filaments that cause the
organism to corkscrew, enabling it to burrow into a host’s tissues.
Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit from their interaction.
Signs: Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others
Symptoms: Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
Nosocomial disease (healthcare associated disease): A disease acquired in a healthcare
facility.
Nosocomial infection (healthcare associated infection): An infection acquired in a
healthcare facility.
Sty: Inflamed bacterial infection of the base of an eyelid. Folliculitis Called a sty when it
occurs at the eyelid base can spread to surrounding tissues producing furuncles,
carbuncles in groups
Lymphangitis: Condition in which inflamed lymphatic vessels become visible as red
streaks under the skin.
Candidiasis: Term for several opportunistic diseases caused by infection with Candida
species.
Pathogen: A microorganism capable of causing disease.
Zoonoses: Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal host to humans.
, Fomites: Objects inadvertently used to transfer pathogens to new hosts, such as a glass or
towel.
Infections: Successful invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism.
Lipid A: The lipid component of lipopolysaccharide, which is released from dead Gram-
negative bacterial cells and can trigger shock and other symptoms in human hosts.
Septicemia: any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness
Bacteremia: bacterial septicemia
Toxemia: release of bacterial toxins into the blood
Common cold viruses are frequently spread by contaminated fomites (ways to transfer
pathogens)
Blastomycosis- transmitted to human via bird
Superoxide dismutase peroxide anion, eliminate superoxide radicals
Superoxide dismutase – eliminate superoxide radicals
Catalase and peroxidase – removal of hydrogen peroxide
Types of healthcare associated infections (HAIs)
Exogenous - Pathogen acquired from the health care environment
Endogenous - Pathogen arises from normal microbiota as a result of factors within the
healthcare setting
Iatrogenic - Results from modern medical procedures
Superinfections - Use of antimicrobial drugs reduces competition from some resident
microbiota, allowing other microbes to thrive
, Know the characteristics of prokaryotic cells – i.e. no nucleus
1. they have no nuclear membrane
2. their DNA is not wound around histones
3. the cell walls are made of a chemical called peptidoglycan
4. they do not have complex membrane-bound organelles
What does prokaryotic mean?
Any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus. Classification includes bacteria and
archaea.
Know how we measure bacterial cells.
The standard method is the plate count, which is the usual way to count microbes. The purpose
of this method is to just use a sample of dilutions on a bacterial culture and counting. First, 3 of
the 0.1ml dilutions are poured to duplicate the agar plates. One then sterilizes the glass spreader
by dipping it in alcohol and burning it. Once the spreader is cooled, 0.1 of the inoculum is spread
over the agar plates till the media doesn’t look wet. Repeat the process for the remaining plates.
Once all that is done, it must be incubated at room temperature. It can then be counted in the end,
all of the colonies. The advantage of this method is that it is super easy to do and one counts
CFUs if they aren’t broken up. It isn’t complicated to pull through this method. As for the
disadvantage, the count might not be as accurate. Not only this, the time to complete this method
with all the dilutions, plating, smearing, and incubation waiting take a bit of time.
The turbidimetric method is a much more complicated process. This process deals with the
Definitions to know:
Immunology: Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens.
Halophiles: salt lovers environment
Spirochete: Group of helical, Gram-negative bacteria with axial filaments that cause the
organism to corkscrew, enabling it to burrow into a host’s tissues.
Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit from their interaction.
Signs: Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others
Symptoms: Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
Nosocomial disease (healthcare associated disease): A disease acquired in a healthcare
facility.
Nosocomial infection (healthcare associated infection): An infection acquired in a
healthcare facility.
Sty: Inflamed bacterial infection of the base of an eyelid. Folliculitis Called a sty when it
occurs at the eyelid base can spread to surrounding tissues producing furuncles,
carbuncles in groups
Lymphangitis: Condition in which inflamed lymphatic vessels become visible as red
streaks under the skin.
Candidiasis: Term for several opportunistic diseases caused by infection with Candida
species.
Pathogen: A microorganism capable of causing disease.
Zoonoses: Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal host to humans.
, Fomites: Objects inadvertently used to transfer pathogens to new hosts, such as a glass or
towel.
Infections: Successful invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism.
Lipid A: The lipid component of lipopolysaccharide, which is released from dead Gram-
negative bacterial cells and can trigger shock and other symptoms in human hosts.
Septicemia: any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness
Bacteremia: bacterial septicemia
Toxemia: release of bacterial toxins into the blood
Common cold viruses are frequently spread by contaminated fomites (ways to transfer
pathogens)
Blastomycosis- transmitted to human via bird
Superoxide dismutase peroxide anion, eliminate superoxide radicals
Superoxide dismutase – eliminate superoxide radicals
Catalase and peroxidase – removal of hydrogen peroxide
Types of healthcare associated infections (HAIs)
Exogenous - Pathogen acquired from the health care environment
Endogenous - Pathogen arises from normal microbiota as a result of factors within the
healthcare setting
Iatrogenic - Results from modern medical procedures
Superinfections - Use of antimicrobial drugs reduces competition from some resident
microbiota, allowing other microbes to thrive
, Know the characteristics of prokaryotic cells – i.e. no nucleus
1. they have no nuclear membrane
2. their DNA is not wound around histones
3. the cell walls are made of a chemical called peptidoglycan
4. they do not have complex membrane-bound organelles
What does prokaryotic mean?
Any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus. Classification includes bacteria and
archaea.
Know how we measure bacterial cells.
The standard method is the plate count, which is the usual way to count microbes. The purpose
of this method is to just use a sample of dilutions on a bacterial culture and counting. First, 3 of
the 0.1ml dilutions are poured to duplicate the agar plates. One then sterilizes the glass spreader
by dipping it in alcohol and burning it. Once the spreader is cooled, 0.1 of the inoculum is spread
over the agar plates till the media doesn’t look wet. Repeat the process for the remaining plates.
Once all that is done, it must be incubated at room temperature. It can then be counted in the end,
all of the colonies. The advantage of this method is that it is super easy to do and one counts
CFUs if they aren’t broken up. It isn’t complicated to pull through this method. As for the
disadvantage, the count might not be as accurate. Not only this, the time to complete this method
with all the dilutions, plating, smearing, and incubation waiting take a bit of time.
The turbidimetric method is a much more complicated process. This process deals with the
