NR222 Unit Six Outline – Nursing and Wellness across the Lifespan
P&P Chapter 11, 12, 13, and 14
Theories:
1. Describe Arnold Gesell’s Theory of Biophysical Development.
a. Each child’s pattern of growth is unique, and this pattern is directed by gene activity
b. His theory shows that all children go through similar and predictable sequences, though
each child moves through these sequences at his or her own rate or pace
c. Biophysical changes including motor, language, adaptive and personal social
d. Growth was the result of a person’s gene activity
2. Describe Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical model of personality development.
a. Believes that development was unconscious and driven by emotion
b. Individuals go through 5 stages of psychosexual development and that each stage is
characterized by sexual pleasure in parts of the body
i. Stage 1: oral (birth to 12 to 18 months)
1. Late in this stage, baby realize that mother/parents is separate from self
ii. Stage 2: anal (12-3 years)
1. Becomes more aware of pleasurable sensations of body region
2. Toilet training process
iii. Stage 3: phallic (3-6 years)
1. Genital organs are the focus of pleasure during this stage
a. Boy becomes interested in penis, girl becomes aware of the
absence of penis
b. Exploration and imagination as child fantasizes about the parent
of the opposite sex as their first love (Oedipus)
iv. Stage 4: latency (6-12 years)
1. Children repress and channel sexual urges from the earlier oedipal stage
into productive activities that are socially acceptable
v. Stage 5: genital (puberty through adulthood)
1. Sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the
family circle
3. Describe Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development.
8 developmental stages of growth and development
o Trust vs mistrust (birth to 18 months) attach
Child that never develops trust ends up as a sociopath—ends up with mental
problems
o Autonomy vs shame & doubt (18 months - 3 years) will power
The ability to make their own decisions
, Praising them helps them establish foundation for self belief and autonomy
Discouragement may cause them to feel discouraged, ashamed, and doubtful of
their abilities
o Initiative vs guilt (3 – 6 years) sense of purpose
Independent and develops sense of aims and goals
o Industry vs inferiority (6 – 12 years) competency
Becomes aware of individuality
They see accomplishments in school and sports, seek praise and support
o Identify vs role confusion (12 -20 years) sense of self
Trying to figure out who they are
“identity crisis”
o Intimacy vs isolation (20 – 35 years) ability to develop relationships
Establishing and building relationships
Might feel isolated and lonely if you struggle with relationships
o Generativity vs stagnation(self absorption) (35 – 65) giving care to others
Sense of care and responsibility (generativity)
You look out for those around you and feel the need to pass along what you’ve
learned to younger generations
o Integrity vs despair (65 – death) sense of fulfillment in life
If you’re satisfied with your life, you age with grace.
Feel pride in what you accomplished and want to demonstrate your wisdom to
others
4. Describe Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development.
Ways in which the mind organizes, adapts to its environment
Sensimotor stage
o Birth to 2 years
Development proceeds from reflex activity to imagining, solving problems
through sense and movement
Preoperational stage
o 2-7 years
Learns to think in terms of present, past, future
Moves from knowing the world through sensation and movement to prelogical
thinking
Will think about things more symbolically—“who’s this?” and “what’s that?”
Concrete operational stage
o 7-11 years
Able to classify, order, sort
Moves from prelogical thought to solving concrete problems through logic
Formal operations
o 11-adulthood
Able to think abstractly and logically
P&P Chapter 11, 12, 13, and 14
Theories:
1. Describe Arnold Gesell’s Theory of Biophysical Development.
a. Each child’s pattern of growth is unique, and this pattern is directed by gene activity
b. His theory shows that all children go through similar and predictable sequences, though
each child moves through these sequences at his or her own rate or pace
c. Biophysical changes including motor, language, adaptive and personal social
d. Growth was the result of a person’s gene activity
2. Describe Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical model of personality development.
a. Believes that development was unconscious and driven by emotion
b. Individuals go through 5 stages of psychosexual development and that each stage is
characterized by sexual pleasure in parts of the body
i. Stage 1: oral (birth to 12 to 18 months)
1. Late in this stage, baby realize that mother/parents is separate from self
ii. Stage 2: anal (12-3 years)
1. Becomes more aware of pleasurable sensations of body region
2. Toilet training process
iii. Stage 3: phallic (3-6 years)
1. Genital organs are the focus of pleasure during this stage
a. Boy becomes interested in penis, girl becomes aware of the
absence of penis
b. Exploration and imagination as child fantasizes about the parent
of the opposite sex as their first love (Oedipus)
iv. Stage 4: latency (6-12 years)
1. Children repress and channel sexual urges from the earlier oedipal stage
into productive activities that are socially acceptable
v. Stage 5: genital (puberty through adulthood)
1. Sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the
family circle
3. Describe Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development.
8 developmental stages of growth and development
o Trust vs mistrust (birth to 18 months) attach
Child that never develops trust ends up as a sociopath—ends up with mental
problems
o Autonomy vs shame & doubt (18 months - 3 years) will power
The ability to make their own decisions
, Praising them helps them establish foundation for self belief and autonomy
Discouragement may cause them to feel discouraged, ashamed, and doubtful of
their abilities
o Initiative vs guilt (3 – 6 years) sense of purpose
Independent and develops sense of aims and goals
o Industry vs inferiority (6 – 12 years) competency
Becomes aware of individuality
They see accomplishments in school and sports, seek praise and support
o Identify vs role confusion (12 -20 years) sense of self
Trying to figure out who they are
“identity crisis”
o Intimacy vs isolation (20 – 35 years) ability to develop relationships
Establishing and building relationships
Might feel isolated and lonely if you struggle with relationships
o Generativity vs stagnation(self absorption) (35 – 65) giving care to others
Sense of care and responsibility (generativity)
You look out for those around you and feel the need to pass along what you’ve
learned to younger generations
o Integrity vs despair (65 – death) sense of fulfillment in life
If you’re satisfied with your life, you age with grace.
Feel pride in what you accomplished and want to demonstrate your wisdom to
others
4. Describe Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development.
Ways in which the mind organizes, adapts to its environment
Sensimotor stage
o Birth to 2 years
Development proceeds from reflex activity to imagining, solving problems
through sense and movement
Preoperational stage
o 2-7 years
Learns to think in terms of present, past, future
Moves from knowing the world through sensation and movement to prelogical
thinking
Will think about things more symbolically—“who’s this?” and “what’s that?”
Concrete operational stage
o 7-11 years
Able to classify, order, sort
Moves from prelogical thought to solving concrete problems through logic
Formal operations
o 11-adulthood
Able to think abstractly and logically
