Chapter 3 breathing and respiration
Notes:
Respiratory system
Fuel + O₂ = CO₂+water+energy
-Energy is used for movement only = cold blooded animals
-Energy is used for movement and keeping a constant temperature= warm blooded animals
How to survive the cold:
-When it’s too cold go in hibernation
-Leaving for warmer areas
-Creating an insulation (isolatie)
Some organisms (mostly bacteria and fungi) don’t need oxygen to produce energy: Anaerobic
respiration.
They can take glucose and break it down into either alcohol or lactic acid (like in yoghurt)
This produces less energy compared to glucose
Fermentation (produces alcohol)
The respiratory system consists of:
-Nasal and oral cavity
-Pharynx and Larynx
-Windpipe/Trachea
-Bronchi
-Lungs
-Diaphragm
When it comes to breathing you can inhale
through your mouth, but using your nose is
better.
The nose contains:
-Mucous membranes, creates mucus to trap dirt and bacteria and cilia to move the mucus to the
throat.
-Blood vessels, to warm the air
The uvula closes the nasal cavity
The epiglottis closes the trachea
The larynx contains the vocal cords
Trachea and the Bronchi are tough, hollow tubes
-Contain mucous membranes
-Always open due to cartilage rings
The smallest tubes are called bronchioles. These can be closed with the muscles, since they don’t
have cartilage rings.
, The bronchioles end with alveoli
- Very thin ‘balloons’ surrounded by capillaries (very small blood vessels)
-This is where oxygen is moved into the body and carbon dioxide is removed, which is called gas
exchange.
Gas exchange
Diffusion:
Movement of molecules from a high concentration (many molecules in one place) to a low
concentration (few molecules in one place) by themselves.
This requires a large surface and a short distance to happen.
Breathing: air in/out of the lungs
Respiration: burning food for energy
Gas exchange: O₂ into blood, CO₂ into air.
Air is moved in and out by changing the long volume
-Lungs get bigger -> air is sucked in
-Lungs get smaller -> air is pushed out
This can be done through thoracic or abdominal breathing.
Thoracic Breathing
Thorax= chest
Happens when the intercostal muscles, the muscles between the ribs, contract.
Muscles pull the rubs up and out, which makes the chest cavity bigger and air is sucked into the
lungs.
Abdominal Breathing
Happens when the diaphragm under the lungs contracts.
First the diaphragm flattens and pulls the lungs down, the chest cavity becomes bigger and air is
sucked in.
Lung problems
Asthma
Is a chronic disease causing the muscles around the bronchioles contract, reducing the airflow of the
alveoli.
Allergies
Means you are really sensitive to specific (harmless) things and your body will ‘overreact’ to them.
One of them is hay fever, reaction to pollen from plants, which causes swelling of mucous
membranes and lots of sneezing and coughing.
Notes:
Respiratory system
Fuel + O₂ = CO₂+water+energy
-Energy is used for movement only = cold blooded animals
-Energy is used for movement and keeping a constant temperature= warm blooded animals
How to survive the cold:
-When it’s too cold go in hibernation
-Leaving for warmer areas
-Creating an insulation (isolatie)
Some organisms (mostly bacteria and fungi) don’t need oxygen to produce energy: Anaerobic
respiration.
They can take glucose and break it down into either alcohol or lactic acid (like in yoghurt)
This produces less energy compared to glucose
Fermentation (produces alcohol)
The respiratory system consists of:
-Nasal and oral cavity
-Pharynx and Larynx
-Windpipe/Trachea
-Bronchi
-Lungs
-Diaphragm
When it comes to breathing you can inhale
through your mouth, but using your nose is
better.
The nose contains:
-Mucous membranes, creates mucus to trap dirt and bacteria and cilia to move the mucus to the
throat.
-Blood vessels, to warm the air
The uvula closes the nasal cavity
The epiglottis closes the trachea
The larynx contains the vocal cords
Trachea and the Bronchi are tough, hollow tubes
-Contain mucous membranes
-Always open due to cartilage rings
The smallest tubes are called bronchioles. These can be closed with the muscles, since they don’t
have cartilage rings.
, The bronchioles end with alveoli
- Very thin ‘balloons’ surrounded by capillaries (very small blood vessels)
-This is where oxygen is moved into the body and carbon dioxide is removed, which is called gas
exchange.
Gas exchange
Diffusion:
Movement of molecules from a high concentration (many molecules in one place) to a low
concentration (few molecules in one place) by themselves.
This requires a large surface and a short distance to happen.
Breathing: air in/out of the lungs
Respiration: burning food for energy
Gas exchange: O₂ into blood, CO₂ into air.
Air is moved in and out by changing the long volume
-Lungs get bigger -> air is sucked in
-Lungs get smaller -> air is pushed out
This can be done through thoracic or abdominal breathing.
Thoracic Breathing
Thorax= chest
Happens when the intercostal muscles, the muscles between the ribs, contract.
Muscles pull the rubs up and out, which makes the chest cavity bigger and air is sucked into the
lungs.
Abdominal Breathing
Happens when the diaphragm under the lungs contracts.
First the diaphragm flattens and pulls the lungs down, the chest cavity becomes bigger and air is
sucked in.
Lung problems
Asthma
Is a chronic disease causing the muscles around the bronchioles contract, reducing the airflow of the
alveoli.
Allergies
Means you are really sensitive to specific (harmless) things and your body will ‘overreact’ to them.
One of them is hay fever, reaction to pollen from plants, which causes swelling of mucous
membranes and lots of sneezing and coughing.
