Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury (With Answer key at the end)

Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury Answer Key At the End 1. One of the four basic goals of psychology is to: a. listen to, counsel, and console people with problems. b. apply the findings of animal research to abnormal behavior. c. control people. d. describe behavior and mental processes. 2. Wilhelm Wundt focused on: a. nature versus nurture issues and interactive dualism. b. how brain damage contributes to mental illness. c. fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual and auditory stimuli. d. the effects of mental illness on families. 3. became the first major school of thought in psychology and relied on a method called introspection. a. Functionalism b. Psychoanalysis c. Behaviorism d. Structuralism 4. The first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology was: a. Mary Whiton Calkins. b. Francis C. Sumner. c. Edward B. Titchener. d. G. Stanley Hall. 5. dominated American psychology beginning in the early 1900s. a. Behaviorism b. Psychoanalysis c. Humanism d. Structuralism 6. As one of the advocates of , developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth. a. functionalism; G. Stanley Hall b. psychoanalysis; Sigmund Freud c. humanistic psychology; Abraham Maslow d. structuralism; Edward B. Titchener 7. Which of the following titles would most likely be found in a research journal for neuroscience? a. “Increased levels of the Hormone Testosterone Impact the Brain, Causing Increased Aggressive Behavior in Laboratory Rats” b. “The Effects of Compliments on Helping Behavior” c. “Decreases in Social Functioning Can Be Reversed Through Increased Social Activities in the Older Adults” d. “Spacing Rehearsals During Learning Improves Long-Term Memory for Nonsense Syllables” 8. The perspective emphasizes studying how behavior is acquired or modified by environmental causes. a. psychodynamic b. humanistic c. behavioral d. biological 9. The term refers to the tendency to use your own culture as the standard for judging other cultures. a. ethnocentrism b. expectancy effect c. empirical d. collectivistic 10. Who wrote On the Origin of Species? a. Sigmund Freud b. John B. Watson c. B.F. Skinner d. Charles Darwin 11. Dr. Norris strives to identify and understand consistent patterns of behavior. She is willing to consider new or alternative explanations of behavior and mental processes. Dr. Norris is demonstrating: a. open-mindedness. b. skepticism. c. lawful understanding. d. cautious interpretation. 12. According to the “Science Versus Pseudoscience” box, which of the following items is NOT one of the strategies used by proponents of pseudoscience to give credibility to their claims? a. shifting the burden of proof b. use of irrefutable or nonfalsifiable claims c. combining unfounded claims with established scientific findings d. use of the scientific method and replication of their findings by other scientists 13. Professor Newberg decided to study preferences of senior adults, so he visited a local retirement village and invited residents to participate in a lengthy survey. Professor Newberg's survey results are probably invalid because he did not use: a. a valid hypothesis. b. an operational definition. c. independent and dependent variables. d. a representative sample of participants. 14. Of the following correlation coefficients, which represents the weakest relationship between two factors? A) –0.67 B) +0.53 C) +0.32 D) –0.12 15. Several correlational studies indicate that the more time students spend playing violent video games, the greater their tendency to engage in delinquent behavior. Based on this result, you would be justified in stating that: a. playing violent video games causes delinquent behavior. b. there is a positive correlation between delinquent behavior and playing violent video games. c. there is a neTgaetisvteBcoarnreklaftioorn Pbestywceheon lpolagyyin8gtvhioElednittvioidneobgyamHeos cakndendbeluinrqyuent behavior. d. the researchers were conducting pseudoscientific research. 16. Correlational research: a. can indicate causality in either a positive or a negative direction. b. provides the most compelling evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. c. can reveal the degree to which two factors are related or co-vary in a systematic way. d. has been banned by the American Psychological Association since the 1960s, but it is still allowed in other countries. 17. Researchers at the United Family Therapy Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of anxiety are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the dependent variable in this study? a. change in the symptoms of anxiety b. the method used to recruit participants for the study c. the type of psychotherapy used to treat anxiety d. the number of participants receiving each type of psychotherapy 18. Which of the following is a procedure that ensures that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions? a. the double-blind technique b. random assignment c. the single-blind technique d. random selection 19. In a study described in Chapter 1, psychologist Paul Solomon and his colleagues investigated the effects of the herb ginkgo biloba on memory, concentration, and other mental tasks. All participants in the study took a battery of tests at the beginning and end of the six-week study. The results showed that: a. test scores increased about the same for the participants in the experimental group and for the participants in the placebo control group. b. test scores actually decreased for the participants in the experimental group and increased slightly for the participants in the no-treatment control group. c. test scores were virtually identical both times the participants were tested. d. although test scores stayed about the same, participants in the study subjectively rated their memory and concentration as being significantly improved. 20. To verify the validity of a scientific claim, one must follow four steps: a. Formulate a hypothesis, design a study to collect data, analyze the data, and report the results. b. Identify an operational definition, analyze the variables, evaluate the statistical significance, and ensure replication. c. Identify the independent variable, measure the dependent variable, consider confounding variables, and determine cause- and-effect relationships. d. Identify the claim, evaluate the evidence, consider alternative explanations, consider the source of the research or claim. 21. Psychologists are expected to abide by ethical principles regulating research with human participants; these principles include all of the following EXCEPT: a. informed consent. b. deception. c. confidentiality. d. compulsory participation. 22. According to the “Psych For Your Life: Successful Study Techniques” box in your textbook: a. multitasking while studying greatly enhances retention of content. b. taking notes on your laptop enhances retention of content, whereas taking notes by hand reduces retention. c. practice tests must be multiple choice or short answer in order to enhance retention of material. d. distributed practice has a greater impact on retention and recall than massed practice. 23. Which of the following statements about psychologists is true? a. They focus exclusively on treating psychological disorders and problems. b. They are interested in both normal and abnormal behaviors. c. All psychologists can prescribe medication. d. All psychologists have a doctorate in their field of study. 24. William Wundt: a. was Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson's mentor. b. proposed a doctrine called “interactive dualism”—the idea that mind and body were separate entities. c. was the founder of physiology—a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms. d. defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure it. 25. Edward Titchener is associated with which early approach or “school” of psychology? a. behaviorism b. structuralism c. functionalism d. psychoanalysis 26. Mary Whiton Calkins: a. founded the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Yale University. b. studied with Sigmund Freud and became the first female psychoanalyst in the United States. c. is best known for her pioneering research on comparative psychology and her book The Animal Mind. d. conducted research on personality, dreams, and memory, and was the first woman elected president of the American Psychological Association. 27. Sigmund Freud's school of thought, called “ ,” emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. psychoanalysis d. behaviorism 28. Which of the following individuals was NOT a key scientist in the development of behaviorism? a. Sigmund Freud b. Ivan Pavlov c. John B. Watson d. B.F. Skinner 29. Behaviorists believe that psychology should focus strictly on: a. unconscious processes. b. individual motives. c. observable behavior. d. mental illness. 30. While Freud emphasized , Rogers emphasized . a. unconscious conflicts; conscious experiences b. overt, measurable behavior; unconscious conflicts c. development; sexuality d. favorable mental health; mental illness 31. Professor Diaz is studying the development of the human brain from infancy to early adulthood. She takes the perspective and her specialty area is psychology. a. humanistic; social b. evolutionary; cognitive c. behavioral; social d. biological; developmental 32. A collectivistic culture is one in which: a. individual achievements are highly valued. b. a person's social behavior is influenced more by individual preference than cultural values and norms. c. a person's individual preferences and goals are considered to be more important than the requirements and goals of his or her social group. d. a person's behavior is influenced more by the cultural norms and social context than individual preferences. 33. The second step of the scientific method is: a. analyze the data to arrive at conclusions. b. formulate a specific question that can be tested. c. report the results. d. design a study and collect relevant data. 34. Evidence that is the result of observation, measurement, and experimentation is referred to as evidence. a. empirical b. pseudoscientific c. operational d. dependent 35. Professor Wallace studied over 3,000 elderly individuals for a decade and found a statistically significant relationship between survival rate and number of close friends. Specifically, he found that elderly individuals with few close friends had a much higher death rate. To say that the results of his study are “statistically significant” means that: a. the finding has great practical value and significance. b. there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables. c. the finding does not have to be replicated to be accepted by the scientific community. d. the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance. 36. Dr. Ginsburg wants to study possible sex differences in the willingness of young children to engage in risky behaviors. To gather data, Ginsburg and a co-researcher carefully observe the willingness of boys and girls to try risky behaviors at a local zoo, such as petting a burro or feeding different animals. Dr. Ginsburg is using to gather data. a. naturalistic observation b. a survey c. the case study method d. a representative sample 37. In an online survey, people were asked if they would cheat on their partner if there were no chance of getting caught. Approximately 23,000 Internet users responded to the survey. Almost half of those responding said they would not, while the other half said they probably would. What is a significant limitation with surveys like this one? a. Not enough people responded to the survey, which means the results are not valid. b. The survey involved respondents who volunteered to participate, so the sample was not representative of the population. c. There was no experimental control group. d. The survey did not follow a double-blind procedure, which means that expectancy effects probably slanted the results. 38. Professor Karney administered a psychological test measuring shyness to a large number of undergraduate students. The students also completed a lengthy questionnaire on their social life and activities, including number of friends. Professor Karney conducted a statistical analysis of the responses and found a correlation coefficient of –0.80 between level of shyness and number of friends. This indicates that: a. as number of friends increases, level of shyness increases. b. as number of friends decreases, level of shyness increases. c. there is no relationship between level of shyness and number of friends. d. a cause-and-effect relationship exists between shyness and number of friends. 39. A correlational study is useful because it can: a. provide compelling evidence of cause-and-effect relationships. b. examine how strongly two variables are related to one another. c. provide a detailed description of a single individual. d. promote the acceptance of pseudosciences. 40. A cognitive psychologist decides to study the effects of chess practice on math abilities in middle school students. All students are tested on a standard math test at the beginning of the study. Students are then randomly assigned to a chess group or a control group. Students in the chess group spend 30 minutes every school day learning chess strategies and playing chess. Students in the no-chess control group spend 30 minutes every school day watching educational television. At the end of three months, students take another standardized math test. The improvement or decline in their test score is computed and compared across the two groups. In this experiment, what is the DEPENDENT variable? a. the change in math test scores b. playing chess or watching educational television c. improvement in chess-playing ability d. the number of chess matches won 41. Ginkgo biloba is an herb that is thought to increase blood flow in the brain and enhance memory processes. In a carefully controlled study investigating this claim, young adults were assigned to one of three groups. Those in group 1 took a capsule containing 120 milligrams of ginkgo biloba once a day. Those in group 2 took a capsule that looked identical but was a fake. Those in group 3 did not take any capsules. The participants assigned to group 2 constituted the in this study. a. dependent variable b. placebo group c. extraneous group d. out-of-control group 42. In Kapinos and Yakusheva's natural experiment on weight gain, the group of participants who reportedly gained more weight were the students on-site dining facilities. a. female; without b. female; with c. male; without d. male; with 43. When thinking like a scientist, it is important to: a. engage in critical thinking. b. utilize a costs–benefits analysis. c. focus on one explanation. d. avoid speculating about the truth. 44. Which of the following is not a key provision in the most recent APA ethical principles regulating research with human participants? a. Informed consent b. Use of deception c. Debriefing d. Paying participants for their time 45. Dr. Dalpiez conducts research with mice, pigs, and chimpanzees. Dr. Dalpiez's specialization is in psychology. a. clinical b. experimental c. comparative d. educational 46. According to “Psych For Your Life: Successful Study Techniques,” which of the following studying strategies should you AVOID? a. Use flashcards. b. Take notes on your laptop. c. Take practice tests. d. Limit the amount of material you highlight. 47. Today, psychology is formally defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. a. True b. False 48. The four basic goals of psychology are to (1) describe, (2) explain, (3) predict, and (4) control or influence behavior. a. True b. False 49. More than 2,000 years ago, the Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory. a. True b. False 50. René Descartes promoted a doctrine called interactive monism, an idea that the mind and the body are one entity that produces sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences. a. True b. False 51. For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn nature of the individual or the environmental influences that nurture the individual. a. True b. False 52. Many of the issues that are central to contemporary psychology have been debated for hundreds of years. a. True b. False 53. The established science most responsible for the emergence of psychology as a scientific discipline was physiology. a. True b. False 54. Physiology is a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans. a. True b. False 55. Physiology is theTideesat tBhaat nbkraifnoarnPd sbyocdyhoarleosgeypa8rathte Eendtiittiieos.n by Hockenbury a. True b. False Full file at https://TestbankD 56. The event that marked the formal beginning of psychology as a separate experimental science occurred when William James taught the first course in psychology at Harvard University in the early 1870s. a. True b. False 57. Wilhelm Wundt wrote a landmark textbook titled Principles of Physiological Psychology in the 1870s that promoted his belief that psychology should be established as a separate scientific discipline. a. True b. False 58. Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness. a. True b. False 59. The first major school of thought in psychology was called "structuralism." a. True b. False 60. The school of thought in psychology called "structuralism" held that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures of conscious thought. a. True b. False 61. Edward B. Titchener at Cornell University opened the first psychology research laboratory in the world. a. True b. False 62. William James developed the technique called "introspection" as a way for people to tap into their unconscious. a. True b. False 63. Williams James's book titled Principles of Psychology provided the basis for the development of a new school of psychology called "behaviorism." a. True b. False 64. Charles Darwin was the author of the landmark book on evolution entitled On the Origin of Species. a. True b. False 65. Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species had a profound effect on William James and influenced his ideas about the importance of adaptation to environmental changes. a. True b. False 66. Introspection was not a good method to use in psychology because this method could not be used to study a variety of complex topics, such as learning, development, and personality. a. True b. False 67. William James played a key role in helping to establish psychology in the United States. a. True b. False 68. Both the functionalists and the structuralists thought that psychology should focus on the study of conscious experiences. a. True b. False 69. William James's writings were the basis for a new school of psychology called "functionalism." a. True b. False 70. Whereas structuralists were concerned with the study of conscious experiences, functionalists abandoned the study of conscious experiences, favoring the study of overt measurable behavior. a. True b. False Full file at https://TestbankD 71. Both G. Stanley Hall and Mary Whiton Calkins were German psychologists who were originally students of Wilhelm Wundt. a. True b. False 72. Mary Whiton Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and the author of a comprehensive textbook on psychology. a. True b. False 73. Harvard University awarded Mary Whiton Calkins her Ph.D., but only after William James intervened on her behalf. a. True b. False 74. Harvard University refused to award Mary Whiton Calkins her Ph.D. in psychology because she was a woman and at that time Harvard was not a coeducational institution. a. True b. False 75. The first American woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology and the second woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association was Margaret Floy Washburn. a. True b. False 76. Francis C. Sumner was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. a. True b. False 77. Psychoanalysis emphasized the role of early childhood experience and unconscious conflicts in the development of personality. a. True b. False 78. According to Freud, glimpses of unconscious impulses were revealed in everyday life in dreams, memory blocks, and slips of the tongue. a. True b. False 79. Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus, such as the sound of a ticking metronome, with an automatic response, such as reflexively salivating at the smell of food. a. True b. False 80. John B. Watson believed that conscious processes were worthy of study for psychology and promoted the use of introspection as a technique for studying such processes. a. True b. False 81. Like earlier psychologists, Watson and the behaviorists focused on the study of mental processes and conscious experience. a. True b. False 82. A young, dynamic psychologist named John Watson said, "Behaviorism, on the contrary, holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being. Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who has been trained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic." a. True b. False 83. In compelling experimental demonstrations, B.F. Skinner systematically used reinforcement or punishment to shape the behavior of rats and pigeons. a. True b. False Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury Full file at https://TestbankD 84. John Watson and B.F. Skinner were two important American psychologists associated with the school of behaviorism. a. True b. False 85. The goal of psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers was to discover the fundamental principles of learning. a. True b. False 86. Rejecting the study of conscious experience, Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were behaviorists who emphasized the importance of observable behaviors. a. True b. False 87. Because humanistic psychology was distinctly different from both psychoanalysis and behaviorism, it was sometimes referred to as the "third force" in American psychology. a. True b. False 88. Humanistic psychology was largely founded by the American psychologist B.F. Skinner. a. True b. False 89. Carl Rogers emphasized the conscious experiences of his patients, including each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction. a. True b. False 90. Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth. a. True b. False 91. Like psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology included influential theories of personality and a form of psychotherapy. a. True b. False 92. Although the biological perspective was important when psychology was first founded, it is of little interest in contemporary psychology. a. True b. False 93. Neuroscience, an area within the biological perspective, emphasizes the importance of the brain and the nervous system in explaining people's behavior. a. True b. False 94. The behavioral perspective of psychology focuses on how behavior is acquired through unconscious influences and early childhood experiences. a. True b. False 95. The humanistic perspective of psychology focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically. a. True b. False 96. Positive psychology is a field of psychological research that focuses on the study of positive psychological states, positive individual traits, and social institutions that foster these qualities in individuals and communities. a. True b. False 97. Positive psychology focuses on developing therapeutic techniques that increase personal well-being rather than just alleviating the troubling symptoms of psychological disorders. a. True b. False Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury 98. Cognitive psycholoFgyuldlefvielleopaetdhatstapsre:/a/cTtioenstabgaaninkstD /cTomesptu-tBeras ninks-cfioern-cPe sayndchinodluosgtryy.-8th-Edition-by-Hockenbury B) False 99. Watson and Skinner led "the cognitive revolution" and returned psychology to the study of mental processes. a. True b. False 100. Cognitive psychologists did not agree with the behavioral perspective in psychology because cognitive psychologists thought that it was important to investigate how mental processes influence behavior. a. True b. False 101. A cognitive psychologist might use a computer metaphor for human memory, suggesting that long-term memory is like the hard drive and short-term memory is like RAM. a. True b. False 102. The emergence of the cognitive perspective in psychology in the 1960s represented a return to psychology's historical roots by focusing on how mental processes influence behavior. a. True b. False 103. The development of the first computers in the 1950s was a contributing factor to the cognitive revolution in psychology. a. True b. False 104. Studying the differences among various cultures that exist in the world today and examining their influence on behavior are fundamental goals of cross-cultural psychology. a. True b. False 105. Culture is a broad term that refers to the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another. a. True b. False 106. Norms of social behavior are virtually identical in all developed countries. a. True b. False 107. Cultural norms are unwritten rules of behavior that are acted on with little thought once they have been learned and internalized. a. True b. False 108. It is a universal cultural norm that infants and toddlers are not routinely supposed to sleep in the same bed as their parents. a. True b. False 109. To promote greater tolerance and acceptance of cultural differences, ethnocentrism should be encouraged. a. True b. False 110. Ethnocentrism is the use of our own culture as the standard for judging other cultures. a. True b. False 111. Individualistic cultures emphasize the importance of the individual in meeting the needs and the goals of the cultural group. a. True b. False 112. Collectivistic cultures are cultures that stress individual goals and achievements over the goals and achievements of the group. a. True b. False Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury Full file at https://TestbankD 113. Many cultures are neither completely individualistic nor completely collectivistic, but fall somewhere between the two extremes. a. True b. False 114. Cross-cultural psychologists have found that Chinese individuals worked harder on a task when they were alone compared to when they worked in groups. a. True b. False 115. Cross-cultural psychologists have found that there are absolutely no psychological processes that are shared by all humans. a. True b. False 116. Biological psychology refers to the application of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena. a. True b. False 117. Evolutionary psychology is most interested in the evolution of the unconscious into consciousness. a. True b. False 118. According to proponents of evolutionary psychology, psychological processes that helped individuals adapt to their environment also helped them to survive, reproduce, and pass on those psychological mechanisms to their offspring. a. True b. False 119. Psychologists who take the evolutionary perspective apply the principles of evolution, including natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena. a. True b. False 120. Evolutionary psychologists emphasize studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics. a. True b. False 121. Psychologists have concluded that it is impossible to apply the principle of natural selection to psychological processes. a. True b. False 122. Clinical psychologists study people with psychological disorders while psychiatrists actually treat them. a. True b. False 123. A clinical psychologist holds a doctorate in psychology whereas a psychiatrist holds a medical degree. a. True b. False 124. All psychiatrists and clinical psychologists can prescribe medications and treat mental illness with a variety of medical procedures. a. True b. False 125. A clinical psychologist can hospitalize people and order biomedical therapies, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). a. True b. False 126. According to the information presented with the table in Chapter 1, among psychologists who recently received their doctorate, most chose "clinical psychology" as their specialty area. a. True b. False Full file at https://TestbankD 127. Biological psychologists study the relationship between psychological processes and the body's physical systems, including the brain and the rest of the nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, and genetics. a. True b. False 128. Dr. Rice studies the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders, such as anxiety, major depressive disorders, and eating disorders. She is most likely a clinical psychologist. a. True b. False 129. Cognitive psychologists primarily investigate the social, psychological, and physical changes that occur at different ages and stages of the lifespan, from conception to death. a. True b. False 130. Dr. Bremmer investigates mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, memory, and language. Dr. Bremmer is a cognitive psychologist. a. True b. False 131. Counseling psychology helps people of all ages adjust, adapt, and cope with personal and interpersonal problems in diverse areas such as relationships, work, education, marriage, child rearing, and aging. a. True b. False 132. Educational psychology is a specialty area in psychology that studies how people of all ages learn. a. True b. False 133. Educational psychologists use psychological theory and knowledge to enhance athletic performance, motivation, and consistency. a. True b. False 134. Experimental psychology is a term used to describe research focused on basic psychological topics such as sensory and perceptual processes, learning, emotion, and motivation. a. True b. False 135. Educational psychology is a specialty area that investigates research focused on basic psychological topics such as sensory and perceptual processes, learning, emotion, and motivation. a. True b. False 136. The specialty area that studies the physical, social, and psychological changes that occur at different ages and stages of the lifespan, from conception to old age is developmental psychology. a. True b. False 137. A psychologist who studies worker productivity, job satisfaction, or the interaction between people and equipment is most likely an industrial/organizational psychologist. a. True b. False 138. Personality psychologists study individual differences in people and the characteristics that make each person unique. a. True b. False 139. In his research, Dr. Klein explores how people are affected by their social environments. He is particularly interested in helping behavior, conformity, obedience, prejudice, and aggression. Dr. Klein is a social psychologist. a. True b. False Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury 140. School psychologisFtsuplrlofviildee aatvhartiteptys:o/f/TpseyscthboalongkicD a. True b. False 141. All psychologists are automatically health psychologists because they are trained to administer psychotherapy to people with mental disorders. a. True b. False 142. As scientists, psychologists are guided by several attitudes, including being open-minded, maintaining a healthy sense of scientific skepticism, and critically evaluating the evidence for new findings. a. True b. False 143. In striving to identify and understand consistent patterns of behavior, psychologists are skeptical. That is, they are willing to consider new or alternative explanations of behavior and mental processes. a. True b. False 144. In striving to identify and understand consistent patterns of behavior, psychologists are open-minded. That is, they are willing to consider new or alternative explanations of behavior and mental processes. a. True b. False 145. Psychologists' open-minded attitude is tempered by a healthy sense of scientific skepticism. That is, psychologists critically evaluate the evidence for new findings, especially those that seem contrary to established knowledge. a. True b. False 146. Psychologists assume that behavior and mental processes follow consistent patterns. a. True b. False 147. The scientific method is rarely used in psychology, as psychologists value "common sense," subjective experience, and expert opinions more highly than so-called empirical evidence. a. True b. False 148. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations. a. True b. False 149. An operational definition defines a variable in terms of how it is to be measured, manipulated, or changed. a. True b. False 150. A hypothesis is to a question as a theory is to a model. a. True b. False 151. If a finding is statistically significant, it is likely that the result is due to chance. a. True b. False 152. A statistical technique called "meta-analysis" is used to analyze the results of many studies on a single topic. a. True b. False 153. Replication of research findings increases confidence in the accuracy of the findings. a. True b. False Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury Full file at https://TestbankD 154. Descriptive research is a strategy for observing and describing behavior. a. True b. False 155. Descriptive research includes correlational studies, case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation. a. True b. False 156. The basic goal of naturalistic observation is to do an in-depth study of a single individual's behavior. a. True b. False 157. Researchers using naturalistic observation try not to be detected by their participants since detection might interfere with the naturally occurring behavior. a. True b. False 158. The word pseudo means "rare" or "unusual." a. True b. False 159. A pseudoscience is a theory, method, or practice that promotes claims in ways that appear scientific even though supporting empirical evidence is lacking or nonexistent. a. True b. False 160. Magnet therapy is the practice of applying magnets to the body to supposedly treat various conditions and ailments. a. True b. False 161. Magnet therapy has been shown to be very effective in treating various ailments and conditions. a. True b. False 162. The use of anecdotes or testimonials is a common strategy in promoting pseudoscientific claims. a. True b. False 163. Proponents of pseudoscience frequently use scientific jargon without scientific substance to promote their claims. a. True b. False 164. Mixing bits of established scientific knowledge with completely unfounded claims is a common strategy used to promote pseudoscience. a. True b. False 165. An irrefutable or nonfalsifiable claim is one that can be proven or tested empirically. a. True b. False 166. The confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out evidence that confirms a claim or belief, while ignoring evidence that contradicts or undermines the claim or belief. a. True b. False 167. Confirmation bias refers to the empirical or scientific evidence that is used to confirm or support pseudoscientific claims. a. True b. False 168. In science, the reTspeosntsiBbialintykfofroprrPovsiyncghthoelovaglyidi8tythofEadciltaiiomnrebsyts Hwiothcktheonsebmurayking the claim. B) False Full file at https://TestbankD 169. Pseudoscientists often claim that the responsibility for proving or disproving the validity of their claims rests with the skeptics, not with them. a. True b. False 170. When pseudoscientists fail to deliver on their promises, they invariably offer a variety of excuses, a strategy called "multiple outs." a. True b. False 171. Psychological records, medical records, and even school records may be examined in a case study. a. True b. False 172. The case study method is often used to help develop a profile of a psychotherapy client. a. True b. False 173. One advantage offered by survey research is that information can be gathered from a large group of people about the cause and effect of some phenomenon. a. True b. False 174. For survey results to apply to a particular group, every person within that group must respond to the survey questionnaire. a. True b. False 175. A sample is always representative of the population from which it is taken. a. True b. False 176. A representative sample very closely matches the population from which it is drawn. a. True b. False 177. Random selection is a process in which participants are chosen randomly from a larger group such that every group member has an equal chance of being included in the study. a. True b. False 178. A correlation coefficient always falls in the range from –1.00 to +1.00. a. True b. False 179. An increased number of hours watching television is associated with decreased grades on school tests. This finding represents a positive correlation. a. True b. False 180. If a perfect positive correlation of +1.00 occurs, it means that as factor A increases, factor B always decreases. a. True b. False 181. Compared to a correlation of –0.60, a correlation of +0.60 represents a relationship between two factors that is twice as strong. a. True b. False 182. A negative correlation is one in which both factors decrease together. a. True b. False 183. A positive correlation reflects a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, while a negative correlation indicates the absence of a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables. a. True b. False Full file at https://TestbankD 184. Even if two factors are very strongly correlated, correlation does NOT necessarily indicate causality. a. True b. False 185. Experimental research is a method used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor. a. True b. False 186. The dependent variable is the factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment and is thought to be influenced by the independent variable. a. True b. False 187. In an experiment, the independent variable is the purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in the dependent variable. a. True b. False 188. The dependent variable is also called the "treatment variable." a. True b. False 189. Extraneous variables are factors other than the ones being studied that, if not controlled, could affect the outcome of the experiment. a. True b. False 190. In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to the experimental condition of the independent variable is called the "experimental group" or "experimental condition." a. True b. False 191. The experimental group (or experimental condition) is the group of participants who are exposed to an experimental condition, including the independent variable or treatment variable. a. True b. False 192. Random assignment means that all participants in the study have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups or conditions in an experiment. a. True b. False 193. Random assignment helps ensure that potential differences among participants are spread out across all experimental conditions. a. True b. False 194. The control group (or control condition) is the group of participants who are exposed to an experimental condition of the independent variable or treatment variable, and against which changes in the experimental group are compared. a. True b. False 195. Participants in the control group undergo none of the experimental conditions except the independent variable or treatment variable. a. True b. False 196. Experimental controls are specific strategies and procedures that help minimize the possibility that extraneous variables or some other uncontrolled factor will influence the outcome of the experiment. a. True b. False Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury 197. The placebo effect Fisualnlyfcihleanagtehattttrpibsu:/te/Td etostabpaenrskoDn' a. True b. False 198. The double-blind technique is used to guard against the possibility that the researcher will display subtle cues or signals that communicate what is expected from the participants. a. True b. False 199. The purpose of the double-blind technique is to guard against the possibility that the researcher will inadvertently become an extraneous or confounding variable and display demand characteristics. a. True b. False 200. In a double-blind experiment, participants are both blindfolded and placed in a soundproof chamber. a. True b. False 201. The experimental technique in which the researchers, but not the participants, are aware of the critical information about the experiment is called the double-blind technique. a. True b. False 202. In a double-blind study, neither the researcher nor the participant is aware of the experimental condition to which the participant is assigned. a. True b. False 203. The placebo group is a control group in which participants are exposed to a fake independent variable, or placebo. a. True b. False 204. The effects of the placebo are compared to the effects of the actual independent variable on the experimental group. This group serves as a check for practice effects and expectancy effects. a. True b. False 205. A placebo is a fake and inert substance, procedure, or treatment that has no known direct effects. a. True b. False 206. In a research study, subtle cues or signals expressed by the researcher that communicate the kind of response or behavior that is expected from the participant are referred to as practice effects. a. True b. False 207. Any change in performance that results from mere repetition of a task is called a "demand characteristic." a. True b. False 208. In the ginkgo biloba experiment, the participants in both the experimental group and the placebo control group improved on the cognitive tests because of the practice effect. a. True b. False 209. If an experiment is conducted properly, a control group is unnecessary. a. True b. False 210. A natural experiment is a study investigating the effects of a naturally occurring event on the research participants. a. True b. False 211. In one natural experiment investigating weight gain during the first year of college, it was found that female students assigned to dormitories with food service reported eating more meals and more snacks, but they did not report gaining weight. a. True b. False Full file at https://TestbankD 212. In one natural experiment investigating weight gain during the first year of college, it was found that female students who were assigned to dormitories with on-site dining facilities gained more weight and exercised less than students who were assigned to dormitories without food services. a. True b. False 213. In one natural experiment investigating weight gain during the first year of college, it was found that male students assigned to dormitories with food service reported eating more meals and more snacks, but they did not report gaining weight. a. True b. False 214. In one natural experiment investigating weight gain during the first year of college, it was found that male students who were assigned to dormitories with on-site dining facilities gained more weight and exercised less than students who were assigned to dormitories without food services. a. True b. False 215. Students who are enrolled in a psychology class can be forced to participate in experiments and other types of research as part of the course requirements. a. True b. False 216. The use of deception in psychology experiments has been banned by the American Psychological Association since the 1960s. a. True b. False 217. If a student is enrolled in a psychology class, then it is unnecessary to obtain informed consent from the person if he or she is taking part in an experiment that is a requirement of the class. a. True b. False 218. When a student participates as a research subject to fulfill a course requirement, the student must be given a choice of an alternative activity to fulfill the course requirement. a. True b. False 219. Informed consent in a psychology experiment means that the research participants understand the nature of the study and that they are free to withdraw from the research at any time. a. True b. False 220. Researchers adhere to ethical guidelines by allowing students who don't want to participate in an experiment the option of choosing a different activity to fulfill the class requirement or to get extra credit. a. True b. False 221. Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the behavior of different animal species. a. True b. False 222. Comparative psychology studies the behavior of children and adults and compares their differences over the lifespan. a. True b. False 223. Nonhuman animal participants are used in the vast majority of psychological studies conducted each year in this country. a. True b. False 224. Apes and monkeyTseasrte,Bbaynfakr,ftohre mPsoystcchoomlmogonyly8uthsedEndointihounmbanyaHnimocalkseinn bpusyrcyhological research in the United States. B) False Full file at https://TestbankD 225. If the research cannot be done with humans, then it is also not ethical to use nonhuman animals. a. True b. False 226. Although the American Psychological Association publishes guidelines governing the treatment of humans in psychological research, it does not have similar guidelines governing the use of animals in psychological research. a. True b. False 227. Using nonhuman animal participants in research studies allows psychologists to exert a much higher degree of control over the experimental participants' environment than when human participants are involved. a. True b. False 228. Psychology is formally defined as the scientific: a. study of mental processes in human and nonhuman animals. b. study of the cause and treatment of mental illness. c. study of behavior and mental processes. d. investigation of unconscious mental processes. 229. Which of the following best represents psychology's basic goals? a. investigate and treat mental illness b. describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior c. listen to, counsel, and console people with problems d. apply the findings of animal research to abnormal behavior 230. Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses, memory, and learning? a. Aristotle b. Descartes c. Calkins d. James 231. In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. You most likely share the view of: a. Aristotle. b. Descartes. c. Watson. d. Skinner. 232. French philosopher René Descartes: a. strongly opposed the idea of establishing psychology as a separate science. b. promoted a doctrine called "interactive dualism." c. was the first of Wundt's students to receive a doctorate in psychology. d. was a philosopher who wrote extensively about topics such as sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory more than 2,000 years ago. 233. Interactive dualism is the idea that: a. all living organisms must interact and perform dual functions to survive. b. most severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, involve a splitting of the mind. c. mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences. d. people with very diverse qualities and beliefs are most likely to be attracted to each other. 234. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The Greek philosopher Aristotle first defined psychology as the "scientific study of behavior and mental processes." b. In contemporary psychology, the nature–nurture issue explores the influence of hereditary versus environmental factors on behavior. c. The mind–body issue has now been settled and psychologists no longer explore the relationship between mental activity and the brain. d. The principle of interactive dualism was formulated by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. 235. For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn of the individual or the environmental influences that the individual. a. nature; nurture b. nurture; natuTraelsizteBank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury c. dualism; condition d. monism; condiFtiuolnl file at https://TestbankD 236. Which of the following fields had the greatest impact on the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline? a. history b. mathematics c. physics d. physiology 237. is a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans. a. Neurology b. Dualism c. Epigenetics d. Physiology 238. Physiology is: a. a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans. b. the idea that mind and body are separate entities. c. the first major school of thought in psychology. d. sometimes referred to as the "third force" in American psychology. 239. How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline? a. In defining the boundaries of their science, physiologists rejected the study of mental processes and behavior. b. Physiologists in the late nineteenth century proposed that psychology should be a separate subdiscipline of philosophy. c. Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes. d. Physiologists in the late nineteenth century were unable to apply scientific methods to the study of human behavior and thinking, and consequently psychology was no longer part of that discipline. 240. Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena? a. nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualism b. fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual and auditory stimuli c. mental disorders and abnormal behavior d. damaged areas of the human brain 241. Wilhelm Wundt: a. was a German physiologist who established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig. b. was a French philosopher who proposed the idea of interactive dualism. c. is credited with the discovery of unconscious mental processes. d. was an Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. 242. Wilhelm Wundt outlined the connections between physiology and psychology in: a. his famous textbook titled Principles of Physiological Psychology, published in 1874. b. a series of famous lectures at Clark University in 1909. c. a public debate with William James at Harvard University. d. his famous book Principles of Psychology, published in two volumes in 1890. 243. Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline? a. Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C.E., entitled "On the Soul" b. the 1924 publication of John Watson's book, entitled Behaviorism c. the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 d. Sigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind in the early twentieth century 244. Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as: a. a new branch of physiology. b. the study of the behavior of humans and other animals. c. a branch of philosophy, not science. d. the study of consciousness. 245. Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in: A) 1904. B) 1890. C) 1892. D) 1879. Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury 246. At which universityFwualls tfhileeveartyhftirtsptsp:s/y/TcheosltobgaynreksD a. Johns Hopkins University b. Harvard University c. University of Leipzig d. Cornell University 247. Which of the following was the first "school" of thought or approach in psychology? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviorism d. psychoanalysis 248. Which early approach or "school" of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener? a. behaviorism b. humanistic psychology c. functionalism d. structuralism 249. The early psychological school called "structuralism" emphasized the study of: a. habits and adaptive behavior. b. physiology. c. the relative importance of nature versus nurture. d. the elemental components of conscious experience. 250. "What are the most basic units or structures of consciousness?" This is a question that would most likely be of interest to a follower of: a. humanism. b. behaviorism. c. functionalism. d. structuralism. 251. You are a subject in an experiment in which you are told: "Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them." The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology? a. psychoanalysis b. functionalism c. structuralism d. behaviorism 252. Structuralism: a. promoted the use of nonhuman animals to study brain functions. b. ended when Descartes demonstrated that the brain consisted of multiple structures, not one. c. was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic mental "structures" of sensations and feelings. d. contended that basic human thoughts are contained in common genetic structures that are passed from generation to generation. 253. Which early school of psychology relied on a method called "introspection"? a. functionalism b. humanism c. behaviorism d. structuralism 254. is to structuralism as is to functionalism. a. Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener b. William James; Mary Whiton Calkins c. Edward Titchener; William James d. Mary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt 255. Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States? a. William James b. Sigmund Freud c. B.F. Skinner d. Abraham MTaseloswt Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury Full file at https://TestbankD 10 years to write and was 1,400 pages long when it was published. Who wrote the landmark textbook Principles of Psychology? A) John B. Watson B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) B.F. Skinner D) William James 257. Which of the early schools of psychology was the first to disappear? A) psychoanalysis B) functionalism C) behaviorism D) structuralism 258. wrote On the Origin of Species, which was published in . A) Charles Darwin; 1859 B) Margaret Floy Washburn; 1908 C) William James; 1890 D) Sigmund Freud; 1909 259. "I believe that consciousness should be studied to help us understand the adaptive and practical functions of human behavior." Such a statement is most likely to have been made by: A) William James. B) Sigmund Freud. C) B.F. Skinner. D) John B. Watson. 260. Which school of psychology would agree that "psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments"? A) structuralism B) behaviorism C) functionalism D) psychoanalysis 261. Both structuralists and functionalists agreed that: A) psychology should focus not on the study of conscious experience but rather on the investigation of observable behaviors. B) psychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animals in natural settings. C) psychology should study conscious experience. D) psychological findings should be applied to areas like education, mental illness, health, and child rearing. 262. Who was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States? A) B.F. Skinner B) John B. Watson C) Francis C. Sumner D) G. Stanley Hall 263. Which of the following psychologists founded the American Psychological Association? A) William James B) G. Stanley Hall C) John B. Watson D) Mary Whiton Calkins 264. Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is FALSE? A) Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association. B) Calkins conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality. C) Calkins established a psychology laboratory at Wellesley College. D) Calkins founded behaviorism as one of the early schools of psychology. 265. Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is TRUE? A) She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt and receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Leipzig University. B) She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality. C) In 1908 she published an influential textbook titled The Animal Mind. D) She was a comparative psychologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the giant panda. Test Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury 266. Who was the first wFoumlalnfitloebaetelhetcttpeds:p/r/eTseidsetnbtaonfkthDe iAn/TPesysct-hBolaognikca-lfoArs-sPocsiyactihono?logy-8th-Edition-by-Hockenbury A) Margaret Floy Washburn B) Francis C. Sumner C) Mary Whiton Calkins D) Rebecca Snyder 267. Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard University? A) Her research was in an area called "comparative psychology," which was not recognized as a legitimate part of scientific psychology at Harvard University at the time. B) At the time, Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals in psychology research. C) William James was opposed to opening the field of psychology to women and refused to support her application despite the fact that she was his most brilliant student. D) She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution. 268. Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn: A) studied psychology at Wellesley College and Harvard University. B) were students of G. Stanley Hall. C) were elected president of the American Psychological Association. D) were students of Francis C. Sumner. 269. The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was: A) Mary Whiton Calkins. B) Margaret Floy Washburn. C) René Descartes. D) Francis C. Sumner. 270. Which of the following early psychologists wrote The Animal Mind and strongly advocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species? A) Margaret Floy Washburn B) John B. Watson C) Mary Whiton Calkins D) Edward B. Titchener 271. The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States was: A) Francis C. Sumner. B) Abraham Maslow. C) G. Stanley Hall. D) Margaret Floy Washburn. 272. Which of the following statements about Francis C. Sumner is TRUE? A) He was the first African American president of the American Psychological Association. B) He was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. C) He was denied the Ph.D. degree he had earned in his graduate studies at Harvard University because he was African American. D) He chaired the Psychology Department at Howard University and was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. 273. The founder of psychoanalysis was: A) American psychologist B.F. Skinner. B) American psychologist Carl Rogers. C) German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt. D) Austrian physician Sigmund Freud. 274. Psychoanalysis emphasized: A) unconscious causes of behavior. B) overt behavior and principles of learning. C) psychological growth and conscious experience. D) the perception of whole figures. 275. Who would have been most likely to say: "You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness"? A) William James B) John B. Watson C) Sigmund FreTuedst Bank for Psychology 8th Edition by Hockenbury D) G. Stanley Hall Full file at https://TestbankD 276. Sigmund Freud: A) believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality. B) promoted functionalism during his lecture series at Clark University in 1909. C) stated that psychology should be the study of overt measurable behavior, especially as it pertains to learning. D) founded humanistic psychology. 277. Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy? A) structuralism B) psychoanalysis C) behaviorism D) functionalism 278. is to psychoanalysis as is to humanistic psychology. A) Freud; James B) Skinner; Calkins C) Freud; Rogers D) Maslow; Pavlov 279. While psychoanalysis focuses on conflicts, humanism emphasizes A) observable; unconscious B) unconscious; conscious C) external; internal D) physiological; observable 280. While behaviorists viewed human behavior as being shaped and maintained by A) unconscious processes; conscious processes B) free will; both internal and external causes C) external causes; self-determination, free will, and the importance of choice D) self-determination, free will, and personal choice; external causes experiences. , Rogers emphasized . 281. The early school of psychology called behaviorism: A) grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneering research in which he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a ticking metronome. B) was the first of the early schools to disappear. C) was flatly rejected by John Watson and B.F. Skinner in the early 1900s. D) was rejected as a pseudoscience in the early 1930s by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 282. Behaviorism was characterized by: A) the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior. B) a narrow focus on consciousness and conscious experience. C) a focus on the importance of free will, self-determination, and psychological growth. D) an emphasis on the unconscious determinants of personality. 283. The founder of behaviorism was: A) G. Stanley Hall. B) William James. C) John Watson. D) Carl Rogers. 284. Which of the following statements about behaviorism is TRUE? A) B.F. Skinner borrowed the introspection technique from structuralism for use in his methods for behaviorism. B) Behaviorism was based on Margaret Washburn's animal research showing the importance of animal consciousness. C) Behaviorism emphasized the importance of unconscious influences on human behavior. D) John B. Watson argued that consciousness was not a usable concept and considered consciousness to be a concept related to superstition and magic. 285. Which of the following people strongly objected to structuralism's use of introspection and its emphasis on conscious mental processes? A) John B. Watson B) Edward B. Titchener C) Margaret Floy Washburn D) S