PHYLA BRYOZOA, BRACHIOPODA, AND ANNELIDA
Phylum Bryozoa
Class Gymnolaemata
FEATURES
Marine bryozoans
Zooids (individual animals that make up the colony) are tubular with calcified cystid
walls that are fused with adjacent zooids
Eversion of the horseshoe-shaped lophophore depends on muscle contractions
Zooids are morphologically distinct individuals (pore plates allow exchange of coelomic
fluid)
Bugula sp.
IDENTIFY
Lophophore
Colony shape
Sheath
Zooecia
Zooid
Avicularium (if present)
Class Phylactolaemata
FEATURES
Freshwater bryozoans
Cylindrical zooid possesses a horseshoe-shaped lophophore
Zooids do NOT possess a calcified exoskeleton, and the coelom is continuous
between individuals.
Do not possess distinct individuals (clones).
Zooids never specialized for defense; all the modules are functionally equivalent
Eversion of the lophophore is brought about by muscles that deform the body wall
(i.e., they do not attach directly to the lophophore itself).
Pectinatella sp.
IDENTIFY
Lophophore (some may be retracted)
Mouth
Intestine
Statoblast (asexual buds formed in summer/fall)
Zooid colonies that project from one side of a soft colonial sac
Phylum Brachiopoda
, FEATURES
Include lamp shells
All marine
Appear similar to molluscs but are oriented dorso-ventrally and the ventral valve is
(usually) larger than the dorsal valve.
Class Inarticulata
FEATURES
Two valve shells are held together by muscles and other tissues
Shell teeth are absent
No hinge
Calcium phosphate shell
Complete gut
Lingula sp. (Shell intact)
IDENTIFY
Pedicle
Dorsal valve
Ventral valve
Class Articulata
FEATURES
Two valves are articulated by means of teeth (ventral) and sockets (dorsal)
Calcium carbonate shell
Shell opened and closed by the direct action of specialized muscles
Blind gut tract
No anus
Terebratella sp.
IDENTIFY
Lophophore tentacles
Mouth
Gonads
Mantle
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Bryozoa
Class Gymnolaemata
FEATURES
Marine bryozoans
Zooids (individual animals that make up the colony) are tubular with calcified cystid
walls that are fused with adjacent zooids
Eversion of the horseshoe-shaped lophophore depends on muscle contractions
Zooids are morphologically distinct individuals (pore plates allow exchange of coelomic
fluid)
Bugula sp.
IDENTIFY
Lophophore
Colony shape
Sheath
Zooecia
Zooid
Avicularium (if present)
Class Phylactolaemata
FEATURES
Freshwater bryozoans
Cylindrical zooid possesses a horseshoe-shaped lophophore
Zooids do NOT possess a calcified exoskeleton, and the coelom is continuous
between individuals.
Do not possess distinct individuals (clones).
Zooids never specialized for defense; all the modules are functionally equivalent
Eversion of the lophophore is brought about by muscles that deform the body wall
(i.e., they do not attach directly to the lophophore itself).
Pectinatella sp.
IDENTIFY
Lophophore (some may be retracted)
Mouth
Intestine
Statoblast (asexual buds formed in summer/fall)
Zooid colonies that project from one side of a soft colonial sac
Phylum Brachiopoda
, FEATURES
Include lamp shells
All marine
Appear similar to molluscs but are oriented dorso-ventrally and the ventral valve is
(usually) larger than the dorsal valve.
Class Inarticulata
FEATURES
Two valve shells are held together by muscles and other tissues
Shell teeth are absent
No hinge
Calcium phosphate shell
Complete gut
Lingula sp. (Shell intact)
IDENTIFY
Pedicle
Dorsal valve
Ventral valve
Class Articulata
FEATURES
Two valves are articulated by means of teeth (ventral) and sockets (dorsal)
Calcium carbonate shell
Shell opened and closed by the direct action of specialized muscles
Blind gut tract
No anus
Terebratella sp.
IDENTIFY
Lophophore tentacles
Mouth
Gonads
Mantle
Phylum Annelida
