Table of contents
Chapter 3: Mendel’s Law (until page 38) 1
Chapter 4: The Biological Basis of Heredity 3
Chapter 6: Nature, Nurture, and Human Behavior 4
Chapter 7: Estimating Genetic and Environmental Influences 6
Chapter 8: The Interplay between Genes and Environment 7
Chapter 10: Pathways between Genes and Behavior 9
, Chapter 3: Mendel’s Law (until page 38)
Essential amino acid: building block of protein, present in food (e.g. phenylalanine).
Mendels’s first law; the law of segregation
- each individual has two hereditary “elements” (alleles; variant of a gene)
- each parent transmits only one allele to each of the offspring.
- one element can be dominant to the other
- a nondominant (recessive) element is expressed only if both elements are recessive.
Mendel’s second law; the law of independent assortment
- genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes;
every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur.
- exception: linkage; when genes for two traits are close together on the same
chromosome; then two genes are not inherited independently.
True-breeding plant: those that always yield the same result when crossed with the same
kind of plant.
Inbred strain: genetically homogeneous, very little variation/heterogeneity within a pure
inbred strain.
Outbred strain: bred specifically to maximize genetic diversity and heterozygosity within a
population.
Genotype: individual’s combination of alleles.
Phenotypes: observed or measured traits.
Carriers: individuals with only one copy of the allele and are not afflicted with the disorder
(for PKU individuals must have two recessive alleles to have the disease).
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: frequencies of alleles and genotypes do not change across
generations unless forces such as natural selection or migration change them.
Chapter 3: Mendel’s Law (until page 38) 1
Chapter 4: The Biological Basis of Heredity 3
Chapter 6: Nature, Nurture, and Human Behavior 4
Chapter 7: Estimating Genetic and Environmental Influences 6
Chapter 8: The Interplay between Genes and Environment 7
Chapter 10: Pathways between Genes and Behavior 9
, Chapter 3: Mendel’s Law (until page 38)
Essential amino acid: building block of protein, present in food (e.g. phenylalanine).
Mendels’s first law; the law of segregation
- each individual has two hereditary “elements” (alleles; variant of a gene)
- each parent transmits only one allele to each of the offspring.
- one element can be dominant to the other
- a nondominant (recessive) element is expressed only if both elements are recessive.
Mendel’s second law; the law of independent assortment
- genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes;
every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur.
- exception: linkage; when genes for two traits are close together on the same
chromosome; then two genes are not inherited independently.
True-breeding plant: those that always yield the same result when crossed with the same
kind of plant.
Inbred strain: genetically homogeneous, very little variation/heterogeneity within a pure
inbred strain.
Outbred strain: bred specifically to maximize genetic diversity and heterozygosity within a
population.
Genotype: individual’s combination of alleles.
Phenotypes: observed or measured traits.
Carriers: individuals with only one copy of the allele and are not afflicted with the disorder
(for PKU individuals must have two recessive alleles to have the disease).
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: frequencies of alleles and genotypes do not change across
generations unless forces such as natural selection or migration change them.
