NURSING 3165 Review Test Submission Quiz 5 Questions & Answers

Review Test Submission Quiz 5 • Question 1 10 out of 10 points What is the gold standard approach to analyzing data from a clinical trial when there is attrition from the study? Selected Answer: D. Intention-to-treat analysis Answers: A. Power analysis B. Per-protocol analysis C. Analysis of covariance D. Intention-to-treat analysis Response Feedback: An intention-to-treat analysis maintains the integrity of randomization by keeping participants in the groups to which they were randomly assigned—even if they drop out of the study. A per-protocol analysis only analyzes data from members of the treatment group if they received the intervention. Power analysis and ANCOVA do not have a bearing on analyzing trial data when there is attrition. • Question 2 Which strategy can achieve constancy of conditions in implementing a treatment? 0 out of 10 points Selected Answer: D. Using a homogeneous sample Answers: A. Instituting manipulation checks B. Having standardized research protocols C. Maximizing precision D. Using a homogeneous sample Response Feedback: The careful development of standard protocols is an important strategy for enhancing constancy of conditions in implementing an intervention; monitoring adherence to the protocols is also an important aspect of intervention fidelity. Using a homogenous sample and instituting manipulation checks do not contribute to the faithful implementation of an intervention. Efforts to maximize precision include using highly accurate measures and controlling confounding variables, but these are unrelated to efforts to achieve intervention fidelity. • Question 3 10 out of 10 points Women with and without lymphedema following breast cancer surgery were compared in terms of their prior body mass index. What type of design did the researcher use? Selected Answer: B. Case- control Answers: A. Time series B. Case- control C. Crossover D. Prospecti ve Response Feedback: In this example, the researcher began with the outcome for two groups, those with and without lymphedema, and looked back in time to see if body weight was a potential risk factor. This is a retrospective case-control design. Prospective designs studies begin with a presumed cause (e.g., weight) and look forward in time for its effects on outcomes of interest. Both time series and crossover designs involve an intervention, which is not the case in this example. • Question 4 Why would researchers adopt permuted block randomization? 10 out of 10 points Selected Answer: D. To achieve a balanced distribution to groups Answers: A. To randomize prior to obtaining informed consent B. To take participants’ preferences into account C. To randomize separately for distinct subgroups D. To achieve a balanced distribution to groups Response Feedback: Permuted block randomization involves the allocation of participants in small blocks (e.g., a block of 8) to ensure a balanced distribution of people to treatment groups within blocks. Randomization before obtaining consent is called randomized consent. Taking strong participant preferences into account in group assignments can be accomplished through partial randomization. Distinct subgroups (e.g., men and women) are randomized separately in stratified randomization. • Question 5 10 out of 10 points What is a central feature of nonexperimental (observational) research? Selected Answer: B. The researcher does not manipulate the independent variable. Answers: A. The researcher does not manipulate the dependent Response Feedback: variable. B. The researcher does not manipulate the independent variable. C. Their strength lies in their ability to elucidate cause-and- effect relationships. D. Data are collected through the observation of participants’ behaviors. In nonexperimental (observational) research, the researchers do not intervene—that is, they do not manipulate the independent variable to test its