Chapter 2-Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

CHAPTER i2-FREUD'S iPSYCHOANALYTIC iTHEORY CHAPTER iOUTLINE I. iPsychoanalysis: itheory iof ipersonality idevelopment, ifunctioning, iand ichange iwhich iplaces iheavy iemphasis ion ithe irole iof ibiological ifactors iin ithe idetermination iof ibehavior. II. iThe iRole iof iConscious, iPreconscious, iand iUnconscious iForces iin iPersonality: i i A. iconscious iforces-refers ito ithose iideas iand isensations iof iwhich iwe iare iaware. iIt ioperates ion ithe isurface iof ipersonality iand iplays ia irelatively ismall irole iin ihuman ipersonality. B. ipreconscious iforces- icontains ithose iexperiences ithat iare iunconscious ibut ithat icould ibecome iconscious iwith ilittle ieffort. i C. iunconscious iforces-operates ion ithe ideepest ilevel iof ipersonality. iIt iconsists iof ithose iexperiences iand imemories iof iwhich iwe iare inot iaware. iSuch imental istates iremain iout iof iawareness ibecause imaking ithem iconscious iwould icreate itremendous ipain iand ianxiety ifor ius. i III. iInstincts ias iDriving iForces iin iMental iLife: A. iInstincts ihave ifour ibasic icharacteristics: 1. ia isource iin isome ibodily ideficit; iaim igratification iof ithe ineed; iimpetus ithat ipropels ithe iperson ito iact; i iobject ithrough iwhich ithe iinstinct iachieves iits iaim. i B. iKinds iof iInstincts: 1. ilife iinstincts- ieach iperson ihas iinstinctive iurges ithat iseek ito ipreserve ilife. iEach iof ius iis imotivated i i i ito isatisfy iour ihunger, ithirst, iand isexual ineeds. iWithout ifood iand iwater, iwe icould inot isurvive. a. ilibido-the ipsychic iand ipleasurable ifeelings iassociated iwith igratification iof ithe ilife iinstincts. i 2. ideath iinstincts-the imotivation iby ihuman ibeings ito ireturn ito ian iinorganic istate iof ibalance ithat ipreceded ilife, iin iwhich ithere iis ino ipainful istruggle ito isatisfy ibiological ineeds. IV. iStructural iTheory iof iPersonality-three iconstructs iwere ipostulated i(id, iego, isuperego) ithat idescribed ithe iways iin iwhich ithese iparts iof ipersonality ioriginated iand iinteracted iwith ione ianother ito idynamically ito iinfluence ibehavior. i A. iid-the ioriginal iaspect iof ipersonality, irooted iin ithe ibiology iof ithe iindividual; iconsists iof iunconscious isexual iand iaggressive iinstincts. iThe iid iis iamoral iand iunconcerned iwith ithe iniceties iand iconventions iof isociety. i 1. ipleasure iprinciple-indiscriminate iseeking iof ipleasure iand ithe iavoidance iof ipain. B. iego- iorganized iaspect iof iid, iformed ito iprovide irealistic idirection ifor ithe iperson’s iimpulses. i 1. iEgo idefense imechanisms iare iprocedures ito ireduce ior iremove ipainful ianxiety. a. icompromise iFormation-use iof icontradictory ibehaviors ito iattain isome isatisfaction iof ian iundesirable iimpulse. b. idenial- ia iperson’s irefusal ito iperceive ian iunpleasant ievent iin iexternal ireality. c. idisplacement-unconscious iattempt ito iobtain igratification ifor iid iimpulses iby ishifting ithem ito isubstitute iobjects. i d. ifixation-defensive iattachment ito ian i iearlier istage iof idevelopment; istymies idevelopment itoward imaturity. e. iidentification-taking ion ithe icharacteristics iof ianother iperson ias ia imeans iof irelieving ianxieties. f. iintellectualization-isolating ithoughts iabout ipainful ievents ifrom itheir ifeelings iabout ithem. i g. iprojection-attribution iof iundesirable, ipersonal icharacteristics ito iothers ito iward ioff ianxiety. h. irationalization-use iof iplausible, ibut iinaccurate iexcuses ito irelieve ianxiety. i. ireaction iformation-conversion iof ian iunacceptable iimpulse iinto iits iopposite. j. iregression-person ireverts ito iinfantile ibehavior ito ireduce idistress. k. irepression i-unpleasant imemories iare isituated iin ithe iunconscious ito ikeep ithem ifrom ireaching iconsciousness iand icausing ipain. l. isublimation-form iof idisplacement iin iwhich ia isocially iacceptable igoal ireplaces ione ithat iis iunacceptable. m. isuppression-the iindividual’s iactive iand iconscious iattempt ito istop ianxiety-provoking ithoughts iby isimply inot ithinking iabout ithem. i n. iundoing-way iof imaking iamends ifor ia isocially iunacceptable iact iby iperforming ia isocially iacceptable iact ithat inullifies ithe imisdeed. C. iSuperego-agency iwhich idescribes ithe iindividual’s iinternalization iof isocietal ivalues. i 1. iconscience-punitive iaspect iof ithe isuperego; iviolation iof ithe iconscience imakes ithe iperson ifeel iguilty ior iashamed. i 2. iego-ideal-positive iaspect iof ithe isuperego, icomprising ithe istandards iof iperfection itaught ito ithe ichild iby ithe iparents. V. iTheory iof iPsychosexual iDevelopment i i A. ioral istage-first ipregenital istage iof ipsychosexual idevelopment, iin iwhich iprimary igratifications icenter iaround ithe imouth. 1. ioral iaggressive-an iindividual iwho ibecomes ifixated ibecause iof iunder-indulgence iduring ifeeding. a. ioral iaggressive icharacter-As ian iadult, ithis iperson iis icharacterized iby ienvy, imanipulation iof iothers, iand isuspiciousness. 2. ioral ireceptive-an iindividual iwho ibecomes ifixated ibecause iof ioverindulgence iduring ifeeding. a. ioral ireceptive icharacter-As ian iadult, ithis iperson iis icharacterized iby igullibility, iadmiration ifor iothers, iand iexcessive idependence. B. ianal istage- iSecond ipregenital istage iof ipsychosexual idevelopment, iin iwhich iprimary igratification icenters iaround ithe ianal icavity. 1. ianal icharacter-child iis ilocked iin ia ipower istruggle ifor icontrol iwith iparents; iif iparents iare itoo iharsh iand idemanding, ichild imay idevelop itraits iof idefiance, iobstinacy, iand istinginess. C. iphallic istage-Third ipregenital istage iof ipsychosexual idevelopment, iin iwhich imain igratifications iare iderived ifrom imanipulation iof ithe igenitals. i 1. iphallic icharacter-An iindividual ifixated iat ithe iphallic istage iwho, ilater iin ilife, ineeds ito iprove icontinually ihis ior iher isexual iadequacy. D. ilatency istage-period iduring iwhich ilibidinal ienergy ilies idormant iand ithe iprimary ifocus iis ion ithe idevelopment iof i iinterests iand iskills ithrough icontact iwith ichildhood ipeers iand iteachers. E. igenital istage-final istage iof ipsychosexual idevelopment, iin iwhich ian iattempt iis imade ito iconduct ia imature ilove irelationship iwith ia imember iof ithe iopposite isex. i i 1. igenital icharacter-A imature, ihealthy iindividual iwho iis isexually ideveloped iand icapable iof irelating ito imembers iof ithe iother isex. VI. iTherapeutic iAssessment iTechniques: A. ifree iassociation-technique iin iwhich ithe itherapist iencourages ipatients ito ireport, iwithout irestriction, iany ithoughts ithat ioccur ito ithem. B. idream ianalysis-procedure iused ito iprobe ithe iunconscious ithrough iinterpretation iof ithe ipatient’s idreams. C. itransference-feelings ipresumed ito ihave ioriginally idirected itoward ithe iparent(s) iare inow idirected itoward ithe itherapist. VII. iEvaluative iComments: A. icomprehensiveness-highly icomprehensive itheory; iextremely ibroad iscope. B. iprecision iand itestability-not ivery iprecise iand ivery idifficult ito itest iadequately. C. iparsimony-too isimplistic iand ireductionistic. D. iempirical ivalidity-support ifor ithe itheory iis imixed; iempirical isupport ifor ithe itheory iof ipsychosexual idevelopment iis isatisfactory; ifor ithe itheory iof itherapy, ithe isupport iis inot ivery igood. E. iheuristic ivalue-very ihigh; ihas igenerated iand, iin isome iquarters, icontinues ito igenerate inew itheorizing iand iresearch. F. iapplied ivalue-has ivery ihigh iapplied ivalue; iused iby iinvestigators iin imany idisciplines ito iunderstand ipersonal idevelopment iin ithe ifamily. CLASSROOM iTOPICS iFOR iLECTURE, iDISCUSSION, iAND iDEMONSTRATION The iReductionistic iNature iof iFreudian iTheory. i iMention ito iyour istudents ithat iFreud's itheory iis ireductionistic iin inature, ibecause iit iuses ionly itwo imotives ito iexplain ivirtually iall ibehavior--sex iand iaggression. i iPoint iout ithat ihe ifailed ito iconsider iother imotives ilike iaffiliation, icuriosity, iachievement, ireligiosity, iand iabasement, iamong iothers, iso ithat ihis itheory icannot ipossibly ido ijustice ito ithe icomplexity iof imotivation iand ibehavior. i iMention ithat, idespite ithis ilimitation, iFreud icertainly ifocused ihis iattention iand iefforts ion itwo imotives ithat iare iextremely iimportant iin iexplaining imany ibehaviors. iOnes ithat iare iespecially iprominent iin iour isociety iwhere iviolence iand ithe iobsession iwith isex iare irampant. i iMention ithe imany ifilms iand iTV ishows ithat ifocus ion iwomen iwho iare iscantily iclad, ithe ilarge inumber iof ibreast ijokes icurrently ifashionable, ithe iobsession iwith ibreast iimplants, itummy itucks, idiets ito icontrol iweight, iand iso iforth. iAsk ithe istudents ito ilist i5 iTV ishows ithat iare ipermeated iwith isex. i iYou ialso ican iask ithe istudents ito i"test" ithis iobsession iwith isex ion iTV iby itaking ia iremote icontrol ifor itheir icable iTV iand ithen icasually isurfing ithrough iall ithe ichannels. iTell ithem iit iwill ibe isurprising iif ithey ido inot icome iupon iat ileast ione iexample iinvolving isex. In iregard ito iviolence, imention ithe iproliferation iof iwar itoys ifor ichildren, idaily ireports iin ithe imedia iof ispousal iabuse, ichild iabuse, iphysical iassaults, irapes, ikillings iwith iguns, iand ithe imayhem ithat ioccurs iin imany iTV ishows. iAsk ithe istudents ito ilist i5 iTV ishows iwhere ithe iemphasis iis ilargely ion iviolence. References Brown, iT.J., iSumner, iK.E., i& iNocera, iR. i(2002). iUnderstanding isexual iaggression iagainst iwomen: iAn iexamination iof ithe irole iof imen's iathletic iparticipation iand irelated ivariables, iJournal iof iInterpersonal iViolence, i17, i937-952. Caetano, iR., iSchafer, iJ., iField, iC., i& iNelson, iS.M. i(2002). i iPartner iviolence iamong iWhite, iBlack, iand iHispanic icouples i i i iin ithe iUnited iStates. iJournal iof iInterpersonal iViolence, i17, i. LEARNING iGOALS At ithe iconclusion iof iChapter i2, iyour istudents ishould ibe iable ito: 1. define ithe iconcepts iof iconscious, ipreconscious, iand iunconscious. 2. define ithe iconcepts iof iid, iego, iand isuperego iand iexplain ithe iinteractions iamong ithem. 3. describe iFreud's iview iof isociety iand ihow iit ican ioppress iits icitizens. 4. describe ithe ioral, ianal, iphallic, iand igenital istages iand ithe icharacter itypes iassociated iwith ieach istage. 5. describe ithe idevelopment iof iidentification iby iboys iwith itheir ifathers iand iby igirls iwith itheir imothers. 6. name ithe idefense imechanisms iand ibe iable ito idiscuss itheir irole iin ithe idevelopment iof iindividuals. 7. define ithe iconcepts iof ifree iassociation, idream ianalysis, iand itransference iand iexplain ihow ithey ioperate iin itherapy ito ihelp istrengthen ithe iperson's iego. TESTBANK MULTIPLE iCHOICE i 1. i iFreud ifound ithat idreams: a. were ian iidle iactivity ithat icontained inothing imore ithan ia ichaotic icollection iof imemories b. yielded ivaluable iinformation iconcerning ithe inature iof ithe iperson's iconflicts iand ithe imechanisms iby iwhich ithey iare iconcealed ifrom iawareness. c. cannot ibe iused iadequately ito iexplain ibehavior. d. were irarely imentioned iduring ithe ifree-association iprocess iand itherefore ihad ito ibe iasked ifor ifrom ithe ipatient. i i i ANS: ib 2. i iAccording ito iFreud, iinstincts ihave ifour ibasic icomponents. i iThey iare: a. aim, iego, isource, iand iimpetus b. aim, iid, isource, iand isuperego c. source, iaim, iimpetus, iand iobject d. object, isource, iimpetus, iand iego ANS: ic 3. i iThe ireaction iof ithe ipatient ito ithe itherapist iwith ithe ifeelings iand ibehavior ipreviously ishown itoward iearlier iauthority ifigures iis icalled: a. sublimation b. repression c. transference d. displacement ANS: ic 4. i iThe iaspect iof ipersonality ithought iby iFreud ito ibe irooted iin ia iperson's ibiology iand ito iconsist iprimarily iof iunconscious isexual iand iaggressive iinstincts iis ithe: a. ego b. superego c. ergo d. id ANS: id 5. i iThe ienergy iassociated iwith ithe ilife iinstincts iis icalled: a. amoral b. ego c. superego d. libido ANS: id 6. i iIn iFreud's ijudgment, iinstincts iare: a. fixed b. changeable c. learned iforms iof ibehavior d. derivatives iof ithe isuperego ANS: ib 7. i iThe iaspect iof ipersonality ithat iis iresponsible ifor iappropriate iinteraction iwith ithe ienvironment iis ithe: a. id b. conscience c. ego d. superego ANS: ic 8. i iThe iego idefense imechanism ithat iinvolves iunconscious iattempts ito ikeep iundesirable iid iimpulses ifrom ireaching iconsciousness iis: a. denial b. repression c. suppression d. sublimation ANS: ib 9. i iThe iego idefense imechanism iinvolving ithe iperson's irefusal ito iperceive ian iunpleasant ievent iin iexternal ireality iis: a. denial b. suppression c. regression d. sublimation ANS: ia 10. iThe iego idefense imechanism ithat iinvolves ithe isubstitution iof iacceptable iideas ifor iunacceptable iones iis icalled: a. sublimation b. reaction iformation c. displacement d. projection ANS: ic 11. iThe iego idefense imechanism ithat iinvolves ithe itransformation iof iunacceptable iimpulses iinto icreative iand isocially iacceptable iones iis icalled: a. denial b. sublimation c. projection d. displacement ANS: ib 12. iThe idefense imechanism iwherein ia iperson iprotects ihis ior iher iego iby iattributing ihis ior iher iown iundesirable icharacteristics ito iothers iis icalled: a. denial b. projection c. sublimation d. replacement ANS: ib 13. iThe idefense imechanism iinvolving ithe iconversion iof ian iundesirable iimpulse iinto iits iopposite iis icalled: a. sublimation b. projection c. reaction iformation d. rationalization ANS: ic 14. iThe idefense imechanism ithat iinvolves ithe ijustification iof ione's ibehavior ithrough ithe iuse iof iplausible, ibut iinaccurate, iexcuses iis icalled: a. sublimation b. rationalization c. intellectualization d. undoing ANS: ib 15. iThe idefense imechanism ithat iallows ithe iperson ito iprotect ihimself ior iherself iagainst iunbearable ipain iby iusing idissociations ibetween ithoughts iand ifeelings iis icalled: a. rationalization b. intellectualization c. denial d. reaction iformation ANS: ib 16. iThe idefense imechanism iin iwhich ia iperson iwho ithinks ior iacts ion ian iundesirable iimpulse imakes iamends iby iperforming ian iaction ithat inullifies ithe iundesirable iaction iis icalled: a. denial b. compromise iformation c. undoing d. displacement ANS: ic 17. iThe idefense imechanism iinvolving ithe iuse iof icontradictory ibehaviors ito igain isome isatisfaction ifor ian iundesirable iimpulse iis icalled: a. sublimation b. reaction iformation c. compromise iformation d. rationalization ANS: ic 18. iThe iaspect iof ipersonality ithat iconcerns ithe ilearning iof ithe ivalues iand iideals iof isociety iis ithe: a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido ANS: ic 19. iThe istate iof ipsychosexual idevelopment iwherein ione iis ipractically iall iid iand icannot idistinguish ibetween ithe iself iand ithe ienvironment iis ithe: a. anal istage b. phallic istage c. genital istage d. oral istage ANS: id 20. iThe istage iof idevelopment iwherein ithe iego iprocesses iare ibeing idifferentiated ifrom ithe iid, ialong iwith ithe iassertion iof iindependence, iis icalled ithe: a. oral istage b. anal istage c. phallic istage d. genital istage ANS: ib 21. iThe istage iduring iwhich ithe isuperego idevelops ias ian ioutgrowth iof ithe iresolution iof ithe iOedipal iconflict iduring iwhich ithe ivalues iof iparents iand itheir iattitudes itoward isociety iare iinternalized iis icalled ithe: a. phallic istage b. anal istage c. oral istage d. latency istage ANS: ia 22. iThe istage iduring iwhich isexual ienergy iis isublimated ior ichanneled iinto iother ipursuits iis icalled ithe: a. anal istage b. oral istage c. latency istage d. genital istage ANS: ic 23. iThe istage iwherein ione imakes isatisfactory iadjustments iin ilove iand iwork iis icalled ithe: a. oral istage b. phallic istage c. latency istage d. genital istage ANS: id 24. iBornstein iargues ithat itherapists itrained iin iclassical ipsychoanalysis ishould iabandon ithe iconcept iof: a. free iassociation b. oral idependence c. defense imechanism d. eating idisorder i i i ANS: ia 25. iThe icharacter itype idescribed ias iexceptionally istingy, iorderly, iand iobstinate iis ithe: a. oral icharacter b. phallic icharacter c. genital icharacter d. anal icharacter ANS: id 26. iThe icharacter itype idescribed ias ireacting ito icastration ianxiety iby ibehaving irecklessly, iresolutely, iand iin ia iself-assured imanner iis ithe: 1. oral icharacter 2. phallic icharacter 3. anal icharacter 4. genital icharacter ANS: ib 27. iThe icharacter itype idescribed ias ihaving imodified isocially iunacceptable iimpulses iinto isocially iacceptable iones iby ifinding isatisfying icareers iand iperforming icreatively iis ithe: a. anal icharacter b. oral icharacter c. genital icharacter d. phallic icharacter ANS: ic 28. iThe i"Rat-Man" iinvolved ithe icase iof ia iyoung iman iwho iwas: a. obsessive-compulsive b. schizophrenic c. fixated iat ithe ioral istage d. oral-aggressive ANS: ia 29. iIn iFreudian itheory, ifeelings iof isexual ipleasure ithat ihave itheir isource iin ithe iindividual's icontrol iover iexpulsion iand iretention iof ifeces iinvolve: a. oral icompulsivity b. phallic ivanity c. genital iinferiority d. anal ieroticism ANS: id 30. iFreud's itheory: a. is ivery iprecise iand itestable b. is ivery icomprehensive c. lacks iheuristic ivalue d. lacks iapplied ivalue ANS: ib 31. iFreud icalled ipeople iwho iwere isexually imature iand icapable iof iorgasm: a. anal icharacters b. phallic icharacters c. oral icharacters d. genital icharacters ANS: id 32. iFreud imaintained ithat ithe iego: a. is iformed iin iearly iadolescence b. comes iinto iexistence ito iforward ithe iaims iof ithe iid c. is inever iin iconflict iwith ithe isuperego d. operates ion ithe ipleasure iprinciple ANS: ib 33. iThe isuperego ihas itwo icomponents, iaccording ito iFreud: a. id iand iego-ideal b. conscience iand iego c. ego-ideal iand iconscience d. id iand iego ANS: ic 34. iThe iego-ideal ifunctions ito: a. aid ithe iindividual ias ihe/she istrives ifor iperfection iin icertain iareas iof ilife b. stifle ia ifather icomplex c. punish ithe iindividual ifor idoing iwrong d. make ithe iindividual ifeel iincompetent ANS: ia 35. iThe iOedipal iconflict iis istrongest iduring ithe: a. oral istage b. anal istage c. latency iperiod d. phallic istage ANS: id 36. iAccording ito iFreud, imen ihave ia imore ihighly ideveloped isense iof iethics iand ijustice ithan iwomen ibecause: a. men iare inaturally imore iintelligent ithan iwomen b. they iare imore icapable ithan iwomen iof isuppressing itheir isexual iurges c. they iidentify imore iclosely ithan iwomen iwith ithe ivalues iof itheir imothers d. the iresolution iof ithe iOedipal iconflict iis imore idefinite iand iclear icut iin imen ithan iin iwomen ANS: id 37. iA istudy iby iTribich iand iMesser ishowed ithe igreatest iconformity ibehavior i(to ia ipsychiatrist's iinfluence iattempts) iby: a. oral icharacters b. anal icharacters c. phallic icharacters d. genital icharacters ANS: ia 38. iFreud's itheory: a. meets ithe iparsimony icriterion b. is iprecise ibut inot itestable c. fails ito imeet ithe iparsimony icriterion d. has ino iheuristic ivalue ANS: ic 39. iThe idefense imechanism ithat iinvolves ithe iconscious iblocking iof iunpleasant imemories ifrom iawareness iis icalled: a. repression b. compromise iformation c. suppression d. projection ANS: ic 40. iA idriving iforce ithat iattaches iitself ito ian iidea ior ibehavior iis icalled ia(n): a. id iand isuperego iattachment b. cathexis c. superego iattachment ionly d. anal iattachment ANS: ib 41. iIn iFreudian itheory, ithe iphenomenon iin iwhich ithe ipatient iredirects iunconscious ifeelings iof ianger iand ihostility ibased ion iconflicts iwith iauthority ifigures iin iearly ichildhood itoward ithe itherapist iis icalled: a. negative itransference b. sublimation c. undoing d. negative iaffection ANS: ia 42. iResearch iby iCramer iand iKelly ifound ithat iadults iwho iwere iabused iby itheir icaregivers iin iearly ichildhood ibecame: i a. nurturing iparents ithemselves iwhen ithey ihad itheir iown ichildren b. unhealthy iadults iwho inever ihad iany ichildren c. abusive iparents ithemselves iwhen ithey ihad itheir iown ichildren. i i d. healthy iparents iwho ihad ivery ilarge ifamilies. ANS: ic 43. iResearch iby iMasling, iO'Neill, iand iKatkin ion ihigh ioral itypes ifound ithat: a. they iexperienced imore istress ithan ianal istudy iparticipants iwhen iforced ito iinteract iwith ian iimpersonal iindividual b. they iexperienced iless istress ithan ianal iparticipants iwhen iforced ito iinteract iwith ian iimpersonal iperson c. they iexperienced imore istress iin ian iinteraction iwith ian iimpersonal iindividual ithan iin ian iinteraction iwith ia iwarm, ipersonal iindividual d. they iexperienced ino istress iwhen iforced ito iinteract iwith ia icold, iimpersonal iperson ANS: ic 44. iResearch iby iJuni, iMasling, iand iBrannon ion ihigh ioral itypes ifound ithat: a. people ihigh iin iorality iused igreater iphysical icontact ias ia imeans iof ihelping iothers isolve ia iproblem ithan ipeople ilow iin iorality b. people ilow iin ianal ieroticism iused imore iphysical icontact ias ia imeans iof ihelping iothers isolve ia iproblem ithan ipeople ihigh iin ianality c. vain ipeople iused iless iphysical icontact ias ia imeans iof ihelping iothers isolve ia iproblem ithan ipeople ilow iin ivanity d. people ihigh iin ianal ieroticism iused imore iphysical icontact ias ia imeans iof ihelping iothers isolve ia iproblem ithan ipeople ilow iin ianality ANS: ia 45. iEysenck's iearly idata ion ithe ieffectiveness iof ipsychoanalytic itherapy ishowed ithat: a. 72% iof ipatients itreated ito icompletion iby ipsychoanalysis iwere imuch iimproved ior icured b. 92% iof ipatients itreated ito icompletion iby ipsychoanalysis iwere imuch iimproved ior icured c. 72% iof ipatients iwho iwere inot itreated iby imeans iof iany iformal itherapy iwere imuch iimproved ior icured iwithin i2 iyears iof ithe ionset iof itheir iillness d. 66% iof ipatients iwho iwere inot itreated iby imeans iof iany iformal itherapy iwere imuch iimproved ior icured iwithin i2 iyears iof ithe ionset iof itheir iillness ANS: ic 46. iWhen iJerome inever ipays ifor ianyone ielse's idinner iand iyet icriticizes iothers ifor ibeing istingy ifor inot ipaying ihis idinner ibill, ihe iis iusing ithe idefense imechanism iof: a. denial b. projection c. reaction iformation d. sublimation ANS: ib 47. iAnxiety iis ia ihighly iunpleasant istate ithat isignals idanger ito ithe: a. id b. ego c. libido d. death iinstincts ANS: ib 48. i iResearchers ihave iconsistently ifound ithat iorally idependent ipeople: a. are imore iinterpersonally isensitive iand ilikely ito iask ifor ihelp ifrom iothers iwhen ithey ihave iproblems i b. are inot ivery isensitive iinterpersonally c. do inot iseek iemotional isupport iin itimes iof ipersonal icrisis d. are ialways icompetitive, ieven iwith ifriends ANS: ia 49. iThe ipunitive iaspect iof ithe isuperego iis ithe: a. ego b. ego-ideal c. id d. conscience ANS: id 50. iThe iadult icharacterized iby ienvy iand isuspiciousness iis icalled ia(n): a. phallic icharacter b. oral iaggressive icharacter c. genital icharacter d. oral ireceptive icharacter ANS: ib 51. iThe ideath iinstinct iis icalled: a. obsession i b. eros c. libido i i d. thanatos i ANS: id 52. iSlips iof ithe itongue iare icalled: a. parapraxes b. memory iimages c. cathexes d. transference imemories ANS: ia 53. iFor iFreud, ithe imajor iderivative iof ithe ideath iinstinct iis: a. fear b. aggression c. competitiveness d. isolation ANS: ib 54. iFor iFreud, ithe irestraining iforces ilocated iin ithe iego iare icalled: a. cathexes b. controllers c. death iinstincts d. anticathexes ANS: id 55. iIn iFreud's iview, ithe iphallic istage ioccurs iduring ithe: a. second iand ithird iyears b. fourth iand ififth iyears c. sixth iand iseventh iyears d. thirteenth iand ifourteenth iyears ANS: ib 56. iThe iemotional icleansing ithat ioccurs iwhen ia iperson ivents ihis iemotions iand ifeelings iis icalled: a. hypnosis b. free iassociation c. catharsis d. transference ANS: ic MSC:WWW 57. iFreud ibegan ito iuse ifree iassociation iwith ihis ipatients iwhen ihe ilearned ithat: a. they iappreciated ihis iefforts iat iconditioning ithem b. he icould inot ihypnotize imany iof ithem c. transference iwas inot iworkable d. his iattempts iat iuncovering iconflicts ithrough idream ianalysis ihad ifailed ANS: ib MSC:WWW 58. iIf iJim icontinually iboasts iof ihis imany ifemale i"conquests", ia iFreudian imight iargue ithat ihe ihas inot iresolved iconflicts ithat ioriginated iin ithe: a. oral istage b. anal istage c. phallic istage d. genital istage ANS: ic MSC:WWW 59. iIf iHarry icontinually ilooks ito iothers ito ihelp ihim isolve ihis iproblems, ihe iis ilikely ito ihave iunresolved iconflicts iwith iorigins iin ithe: a. oral istage b. anal istage c. phallic istage d. genital istage ANS: ia MSC: iWWW 60. iIf iSam ican inot ivent ihis ianger ion ihis iboss, ihe imay ithen ivent iit ion ihis idog. i iThis ibehavior iprobably ireflects: a. rationalization b. projection c. denial d. displacement ANS: id MSC: iWWW COMPLETION 1. i iThe i______________ iprinciple imaintains ithat ipeople ialways istrive ito imaximize ipleasure iand iminimize ipain. ANS: ipleasure 2. i iFor iFreud, icontrol ior iour iimpulses ibecomes ipossible iwhen ithe i_____ iis idifferentiated ifrom ithe iid. ANS: iego 3. i______________ iis ithe iconstruct iFreud iused ito idescribe ithe iindividual's iinternalization iof isocietal ivalues. ANS: iSuperego 4. i______________ iis ian iattempt iby ithe iego ito ikeep iundesirable iid iimpulses ifrom ireaching iconsciousness. ANS: iRepression 5. i iAn iindividual's iactive iand iconscious iattempt ito istop ianxiety-provoking ithoughts iby isimply inot ithinking iabout ithem iis icalled i______________. ANS: isuppression i 6. i iFreud ibelieved ithat ithe igoal iof iall ilife iis______________. ANS: ideath 7. i______________ iare ithe idriving iforces iin ipersonality. ANS: iCathexes 8. i iThe iideal itype iof iperson iis ithe i______________. ANS: igenital icharacter 9. i iThe i______________ iis ithe idream iwe iremember iin ithe imorning. ANS: imanifest idream 10. iPeople iwith istrong idependency ineeds iare iat igreater irisk ifor i______________ ithan inondependent iindividuals. ANS: idepression i TRUE/FALSE 1. iThe iconscious irefers ito ithose iideas iand isensations iof iwhich iwe iare iunaware. ANS: iF 2. iThe iid ioperates iaccording ito ithe ipleasure iprinciple. ANS: iT 3. iThe iego iis iformed iseparately ifrom ithe iid. ANS: iF 4. iThe idriving iforces iin ipersonality iare icalled icathexes. ANS: iT 5. iA imovement ifrom imature ibehavior ito iimmature ibehavior iis icalled iregression. ANS: iT 6. iThe idependent ipersonality itype iis isomeone iwho iis ialways ipassive iand isubmissive. ANS: iF 7. iThe ichild iis ihighly inegativistic iin ithe igenital istage. ANS: iF 8. iOral icharacters itend ito ibe ivain, iarrogant, iand inegativistic. ANS: iF 9. iDreams iare idisguised iattempts iat iwish-fulfillment. ANS: iT 10. iTransference iis icharacterized iby ipatients' iambivalent iattitudes itoward itheir iparents. i i ANS: iT ESSAY 1. i iWhat iis ithe itransference iprocess? i iHow ican iit ihelp ithe ipatient iin isolving iproblems? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 2. i iName iand idescribe ifive iFreudian idefense imechanisms. i iWhy iis iit iharmful ifor ithe iindividual ito iuse ithem iindiscriminately? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 3. i iDiscuss ithe ivarious istages iin iFreud's itheory iof ipsychosexual idevelopment. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 4. i iIdentify iand idiscuss ithe ivarious iFreudian icharacter itypes. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 5. i iAssess iFreud's itheory iin iterms iof ithe isix icriteria ifor ijudging ithe iworth iof ia iscientific itheory. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 6. i iDiscuss iresearch iwhich isupports iFreud's iideas iabout ioral icharacters. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 7. i iWhat iare iparapraxes? i iGive ia ispecific iexample iand ishow ihow iits ianalysis imight iaid ia itherapist iin iunderstanding ia iperson's iunderlying iconflicts. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 8. i iDefine ithe idependent ipersonality itype iand ipresent iand idiscuss ithe iresearch ito isupport iits ivalidity. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 9. i iDescribe iFreud's ianalysis iof ithe iunderlying iconflicts iof ithe i"Rat iMan". ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 10. i iDescribe iFreud's iOedipal iComplex. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided