Chapter 8-Allport's Trait Theory

CHAPTER i8-ALLPORT'S iTRAIT iTHEORY CHAPTER iOUTLINE I. iA iHumanistic iView iof iPersonality A. iBecoming-process iinvolving imovement itoward iself-realization. B. iPersonality-set iof itraits ithat idetermine ithe iperson's icharacteristic ithoughts iand ibehavior. II. iTheory iof iTraits A. iTrait-neuropsychic idisposition iwhich icauses iperson ito iact iconsistently iacross ia ivariety iof isituations. 1. icardinal-characteristics ithat iserve ias ithe imotivating iforce ifor ivirtually iall iof ian iindividual’s ibehavior. 2. icentral-characteristics ithat icontrol ian iindividual’s ibehavior iin imany isituations, ibut iare iless icomprehensive ithan icardinal itraits. 3. isecondary-peripheral icharacteristics ithat iexert ilittle icontrol iover ia iperson’s ibehavior. 4. icommon idispositions-traits ishared iwith iothers. i 5. ipersonal idispositions-traits iunique ito ithe iindividual. III. iPersonality iDevelopment A. iEvolution iof ithe iSelf ior iProprium 1. ibodily iself-feelings iabout ioneself ibased ion ifeedback ifrom ione’s iphysical isenses. 2. iself-identity-sense iof iself ihas ihaving icontinuity iand isameness. 3. iself-esteem-feelings iabout ione’s iworth. 4. iself-extension-sense iof iidentity iwith ione’s ipossessions, ifamily, ihome, iand icountry. 5. iself-image-role iplayed iin iorder ito iwin ithe iapproval iof iothers. 6. iself-as-rational icoper-awareness iof ioneself ias isomeone icapable iof irationally iformulating iand iutilizing istrategies iin iorder ito isolve iproblems iand iattain ipersonal igoals. 7. ipropriate istriving-motive ithat ipropels ithe iindividual i itoward ithe iattainment iof iimportant, ilong-range igoals. i iThese idrives iinvolve ian iincrease, irather ithan ia idecrease, iin itension. 8. iself-as-knower-integrative isense iof iself ias ione iwho iconsists iof imany idifferent ifacets. i IV. iDevelopment iof ithe iMature iSelf A. ifunctional iautonomy-process iwhereby ia ibehavior ithat iwas ionce icontrolled iby ia ibasic imotive icomes ito ioperate iindependently iof ithat imotive. B. iCharacteristics iof iMaturity 1. iextension iof ithe isense iof iself-ability ito iparticipate iin iactivities iwith iothers ithat igo ibeyond istriving ito igratify ione's iown iselfish ineeds; igenuine iconcern ifor iothers. 2. iwarm irelatedness ito iothers-able ito ibe iintimate iand icompassionate iin ione's irelationships iwith iothers. i 3. iself-acceptance-understanding iand iacknowledgement, inot ionly iof ione's istrengths, ibut ione's iweaknesses ias iwell. i i 4. irealistic iperception iof ireality-accurate iperception iof ithe iworld ias iit iactually iexists. 5. iself-objectification-ability inot ito itake ioneself itoo iseriously. 6. iunifying iphilosophy iof ilife-development iof ia iset iof ilife igoals iand ivalues ithat iguide ithe iperson's ibehavior. a. irole iof ireligion 1. iintrinsic ireligiosity i-orientation iadopted iby ipeople ito ihelp ithem imake isense iof itheir iexperiences iand ito isurrender ithemselves ito ia ipower ihigher ithan ithemselves. i 2. iextrinsic ireligiosity-orientation iused iby ipeople ifor iself-serving ipurposes. V. iTherapeutic iAssessment iTechniques A. inomothetic-approach ito ithe istudy iof ibehavior ithat iseeks ito iestablish ilaws iby ispecifying ithe igeneral irelationships ibetween ivariables. B. iidiographic-approach ito ithe istudy iof ibehavior ithat iseeks ito iunderstand ithe iuniqueness iof ia ispecific iindividual ithrough iintensive iinvestigation. i 1. ipersonal idocuments i(Jenny iGove iMasterson) VI. iTheory's iImplications ifor iTherapy A. iGrowth idependent ion i"love igiven iand ilove ireceived" VII. iEvaluative iComments i A. iComprehensiveness-moderate iin iscope; ifocus ion ihealthy idevelopment. B. iPrecision iand itestability-not ivery iprecise iand idifficult ito itest iadequately. C. iParsimony-too isimplistic. D. iEmpirical ivalidity-empirical isupport iis iweak. E. iHeuristic ivalue-stimulating ito ipersonality ipsychologists ibecause iit iforces ithem ito ibear iin imind ithat ithe idiscipline i imust itake iinto iaccount ithe iuniqueness iof ithe iindividual. F. iApplied ivalue-theory iof ithe idevelopment iof ithe iself ihas ihigh iapplied ivalue ifor iclinicians iand icounselors. CLASSROOM iFOR iLECTURE, iDISCUSSION, iAND iDEMONSTRATION Positive iand iNegative iConsequences iof iReligious iBelief. i iAllport ibelieved ithat ireligion iplayed ia imajor irole iin ithe ipsychological idevelopment iof imost ipeople. i iHe iacknowledged ithat ireligion ihas idone itremendous iharm ito ipeople iat imany ipoints iin iour ihistory, iincluding itoday. i iWitness ithe isenseless ikillings iin ithe iMiddle iEast, imany icountries iin iAfrica, iIndia, iIraq iand iAfghanistan ifor iexample, iall iconducted iin ithe iname iof ireligion. i iAlso, ireligion iis icurrently ibeing iused iby iterrorists ito ijustify itheir islaughter iof ithousands iof ipeople. i iOn ithe iother ihand, iAllport ialso ibelieved ithat ireligion iis ioften iused ifor igood ipurposes idaily ithroughout ithe iworld, ias ipeople idemonstrate itheir icaring iand iconcern ifor ithe ipoor iand ithe idisabled. iWitness ithe iinternational irelief iefforts iin iJapan iand iHaiti, idesigned ito irelieve ithe isuffering iof ithe imembers iof ithose icountries iin ithe iaftermath iof imassive iearthquakes. i iSince iall iof ithe imajor ireligions iof ithe iworld iteach ilove iof iothers, iyou imight iask iyour istudents ito igive ian iexplanation iof iwhy iso imany ihorrific iacts iare icommitted iin ithe iname iof isomeone's ireligion. i iDiscussion icould icenter ion ithe ineed iby ifanatics ito ibelieve ithat ithey iare ithe ionly iones iwith ithe itrue iview iof iGod iand ithat iinfidels imust ibe iconverted ior ikilled. iMany ireligious iinstitutions iand ithe iclergy iwho iexist iwithin ithem ican ireadily ibe idescribed iin ihierarchical iterms iand iarguments igiven ifor ihow istatus idifferences ithat iemerge iout iof isuch ian iorganizational istructure iare itranslated iinto ipower iand ithen iused ito imaintain icontrol iover ithe imasses iby isome iclergy. i iYou icould ipoint iout ithat ithe iactions iof isuch iclergy iare ioften iself-serving iand irun icounter ito ithe iteachings iin ithe iholy ibooks ito iput iothers ibefore ioneself. LEARNING iGOALS At ithe iconclusion iof iChapter i8, iyour istudents ishould ibe iable ito: 1. define ia itrait iand iexplain ithe idifferences ibetween icardinal, icentral, iand isecondary itraits. 2. explain ithe idifferences ibetween ithe iidiographic iand inomothetic iapproaches ito ithe istudy iof ipersonality. 3. discuss ithe ivarious ifacets iof ithe iproprium. 4. name ithe ivarious icharacteristics iof imaturity. 5. discuss iwhy iindiscriminate iacceptance iof isociety's ivalues ican irestrict ithe iperson's ipropriate istrivings. TEST iBANK MULTIPLE iCHOICE i 1. i iA iscience ithat iseeks ito iunderstand ithe ibehavior iand iexperiences iof ipeople iin igeneral, ifocusing ion ithe itypical ior iaverage iperson iwith inothing ito isay iabout ia igiven iindividual, iis: a. idiographic iin inature b. nomothetic iin inature c. abstract d. propriate iin inature ANS: ib 2. i iA iscience iwithin iwhich ithe iprimary igoal iis ito iunderstand ithe ifunctioning iof ia ispecific iindividual iis: a. nomothetic b. idiographic c. propriate d. abstract ANS: ib 3. i iThe iidiographic iapproach ito ithe istudy iof ipersonality: a. relies iheavily ion ithe iuse iof istatistics b. consists imainly iof iabstractions ifrom ia iunique ipersonality c. provides ius iwith iinformation iabout ithe iways icharacteristics iinteract iwithin ia iparticular ipersonality d. tells ius inothing iabout ia iparticular iperson's ipersonality iand iuniqueness ANS: ic 4. i iFor iAllport, ipersonality iwas iseen ias: a. a ifragmentation iof ivarious icomponents b. a istatic isystem iof icomponents c. being iunified iand iconstantly ichanging iand ievolving d. being itotally idependent ion ithe iforces iwithout ANS: ic 5. i iAllport's idefinition iof ipersonality ishows ithat ihe iconsidered iit ito ibe icomposed iof: a. both i"mind" iand i"body" ielements ithat iare iorganized iinto ia isystem b. mental ievents c. physical ievents d. the icharacteristics ior iunique ithoughts iof ithe iperson ANS: ia 6. i iAllport ifeels ithat idifferences iin ilearning iand iperformance iwill ioccur ias ia ifunction iof ithe idegree iof: a. self-respect b. proprium c. self-esteem d. ego-involvement ANS: id 7. i iAllport isubstitutes ithe iterm i"proprium" ifor: a. the iconcept iof iself b. the iconcept iof iego c. all iaspects iof ipersonality iinvolving ithoughts d. all iaspects iof ipersonality iinvolving iovert ibehavior ANS: ia 8. i iAccording ito iAllport, ithe ifirst iaspect iof ithe iproprium ito iemerge iis: a. self-esteem b. self-identity c. bodily iself d. self-image ANS: ic 9. i iThe iaspect iof ithe iproprium ioccurring iduring ithe ifirst ieighteen imonths iof ilife iis: a. self-extension b. self-image c. self-esteem d. self-identity ANS: id 10. iThe iaspect iof ithe iproprium iemerging ifrom ithe isecond ithrough ithe i i i i ithird iyears iof ilife iis: a. self-extension b. self-esteem c. bodily iself d. self-identity ANS: ib 11. iThe iaspect iof ithe iproprium icharacterized iby ia itesting iof ithe ilimits iof iour ienvironment iand ia irefusal ito itake iorders ifrom iothers iis: a. self-extension b. self-esteem c. bodily iself d. self-identity ANS: ib 12. iThe iaspect iof ithe iproprium ithat iemerges ibetween ifour iand isix iyears iof iage iis: a. self-identity b. bodily iself c. self-esteem d. self-extension ANS: id 13. iThe iaspect iof ithe iproprium icharacterized iby ia iconcern iwith ipossessions iand iloyalty iis: a. bodily iimage b. self-extension c. self-esteem d. self-identity ANS: ib 14. iThe iaspect iof ithe iproprium iconcerned iwith ilearned iexpectations iof ithe iroles iwe iare iexpected ito ienact iand ithe ikinds iof iaspirations iwe ishould ihave ifor ithe ifuture iis ithe: a. bodily iself b. self-identity c. self-image d. self-esteem ANS: ic 15. iThe iself ias ia irational icoper istresses: a. our isense iof iour irational ipowers iand ithe iuse iof ithem b. an iavoidance iof isituations iin iwhich iour iskills iwill ibe itested c. problem isolving iof ia iconcrete isituational icharacter d. avoidance iof iemotional iinput ito idecision imaking ANS: ia 16. iMotives ithat iinclude iour iimpulses, iour idrives, iand iour istriving itoward iimmediate igratification iof iour ineeds iare: a. peripheral imotives b. propriate imotives c. automatic imotives d. covert imotives ANS: ia 17. iMotives ithat itend ito iincrease irather ithan idecrease itensions iand iconsist iof i"ego-involved" ibehavior iare: a. peripheral imotives b. propriate imotives c. automatic imotives d. covert imotives ANS: ib 18. iAllport's igeneral ilaw iof imotivation ithat istates ithat ias ipersons imature ithey ibreak itheir ibonds iwith ithe ipast iis: a. goal ireinforcement b. structural iautonomy c. dialectical imotivation d. functional iautonomy ANS: id 19. iIn ithe iwarmth iof irelatedness ito iothers, ithere iare itwo itypes iof iwarmth: a. compassion iand ipossessiveness b. intimacy iand icompassion c. intimacy iand iacceptance d. possessiveness iand iacceptance ANS: ib 20. iThe imature iperson iwho ihas ia ihigh i"frustration itolerance" ilevel iis isaid ito ihave: a. self-acceptance b. a irealistic iperception iof ireality c. a iwarm irelatedness iwith iothers d. an iaccurate iextension iof ithe isense iof iself ANS: ia 21. iA itrait ithat iwould iinclude ia imaster imotive iand ia iruling ipassion iwould ibe ia: a. central itrait b. secondary itrait c. cardinal itrait d. structural itrait ANS: ic 22. iCharacteristics ithat iare iperipheral ito ithe iperson's ipersonality iare icalled: a. secondary itraits b. cardinal itraits c. central itraits d. structural itraits ANS: ia 23. iA iunique icharacteristic iof ia iperson inot ishared iwith iothers iis ia: a. common itrait b. personal idisposition c. central itrait d. common idisposition ANS: ib 24. iAt ithe ipresent itime, iempirical isupport ifor iAllport's itheory iis: a. very istrong b. strong c. weak d. moderately istrong ANS: ic 25. iThe ichief ivirtue iof iAllport's itheory iseems ito ilie iin iits: a. precision iand itestability b. strong iempirical ivalidity c. heuristic ivalue d. parsimony ANS: ic 26. iIn iAllport's itheory, ian iinherited icharacteristic ithat imay ior imay inot ibe ireflected iin ithe ioutward iappearance iof ithe iindividual iis icalled ia(n): a. phenotype b. proprium c. genotype d. ideograph ANS: ic 27. iIn iAllport's iview, ian iillegitimate imethod iof iassessing ipersonality iis ithrough ithe iuse iof: a. personal idocuments b. self-ratings c. projective itests d. character ireading ANS: id 28. iA iresearch itechnique ifor ithe iobjective, isystematic, iand iquantitative idescription iof icommunications iis: a. response iassociation itest b. physical ianalysis c. content ianalysis d. word itest ANS: ic 29. iThe iterm iused iby iAllport ito iidentify iall iaspects iof ipersonality ithat imake ifor iinward iunity iis ithe: a. content iself b. communicated iself c. material iself d. proprium ANS: id 30. iFor iAllport, ia itrait: a. can ibe iseen idirectly iby ian iobserver b. actually iexists iin ithe inervous isystem c. is ia ilabel ifor ian ievent ithat iis ifictitious d. is ia ifiction ithat idirects ibehavior ANS: ib 31. iIn iAllport's iview, ithe imature iperson: a. is iqualitatively idifferent ifrom ithe iimmature ione b. is igossipy c. has ilow ifrustration itolerance d. has iattained iall iof ihis ior iher iideals ANS: ia 32. iAllport italked iabout ithe idevelopmental iprocess ias ione iof: a. habits iand iroutines b. loving c. becoming d. conditioning ANS: ic 33. iThe istudy iof iJenny's iletters iis ia igood iexample iof ithe: a. nomothetic iapproach ito ithe istudy iof ipersonality b. statistical iapproach ito ithe istudy iof ipersonality c. idiographic iapproach ito ithe istudy iof ipersonality d. objective iand inomothetic iapproach ito ithe istudy iof ipersonality ANS: ic 34. iIn iAllport's iopinion, imature iindividuals: a. perceive ithemselves iand iothers irealistically b. tend ito idwell ion itheir ipast iexperiences c. tend ito ipoke ifun iat ithe imistakes iof iothers d. tend ito ibe irather iformal iand ialoof ANS: ia 35. iIn iAllport's iview, ithe iself-as-rational icoper ifirst iemerges ibetween ithe iages iof: a. two iand ithree b. four iand isix c. six iand itwelve d. thirteen iand ififteen ANS: ic 36. iPaul's ifriends ilike ihim ibecause ihe ican ipoke ifun iat ihis iown imistakes iand ishortcomings. i iAllport iwould isay ithat iPaul iis ishowing: a. self-extension b. self-image c. self-identity d. self-objectification ANS: id 37. iFor iAllport, ia itrait iis ia: a. behavior iwhich iis iguided iby ithe iperson's iconditioning b. neuropsychic istructure iwhich iguides ibehavior c. set iof idissimilar istimuli d. functionally iautonomous iimpulse ANS: ib 38. iIf iBill ikisses iand ipats ihis icar iand irefers ito iit ias ihis i"baby", ihe iis iprobably ioperating iin ithe iearly iphase iof iself-development icalled: a. self-identity b. self-extension c. self-image d. self-esteem ANS: ib 39. iThe ioutward iappearance iof ia iparticular icharacteristic ithat imay ior imay inot ireflect ithe iunderlying igenotype iis icalled ia: a. secondary itrait b. gene itype c. biological itype d. phenotype ANS: id 40. iIf iGary ihas ian ioverwhelming ineed ito ibe ipowerful iand iexpresses iit iin ivirtually iall iof ihis ibehavior iin iall isituations, iAllport iwould isay ihe ihas ia: a. psychic itrait b. cardinal itrait c. specific itrait d. secondary itrait ANS: ib 41. iIf iwe isay ithat isome iindividuals iare imore iintelligent ithan iothers, iwe iare idefining iintelligence ias ia: a. conditioned itrait b. individual itrait c. personal idisposition d. common itrait ANS: id 42. iCardinal itraits iare ifound: a. in ieveryone b. in imost ipeople c. in ino ione d. in ia ismall inumber iof ipeople ANS: id 43. iIf iProfessor iBillingston iwrites ia iletter iof irecommendation ifor iJan iand idescribes iher ito ian iemployer ias ipunctual, ineat, iintelligent, isincere, iand ihard-working, ithese iterms iwould ibe iconsidered ito ibe: a. secondary itraits b. central itraits c. cardinal itraits d. conditioned itraits ANS: ib 44. iIf ithree iyear iold iTodd ihas itemper itantrums iwhenever ihis imother itells ihim ito igo ito ibed, iAllport iwould iprobably isay ithat iTodd iis ishowing ibehavior icharacteristic iof ichildren iin ithe istage iof: a. self-extension b. self-identity c. self-esteem d. propriate istriving ANS: ic 45. iThe ipossession iof ilong-range igoals iby ia iperson iis iassociated iwith ithe istage iof: a. self-identity b. self-esteem c. propriate istriving d. self-extension ANS: ic 46. iAccording ito iAllport, ipropriate istriving ifirst iemerges iat iapproximately iage: a. 3 b. 5 c. 12 d. 30 ANS: ic 47. iIn iAllport's iview, iwhich ione iof ithe ifollowing imethods iwas inot iappropriate ifor ithe iscientific istudy iof ipersonality? a. personal idocuments b. case istudies c. personality itests d. unverified ianecdote ANS: id 48. iWhich ione iof ithe ifollowing iapproaches ito ithe istudy iof ipersonality irelies ion ithe iuse iof istatistical ianalysis? a. depth b. nomothetic c. personal idisposition d. idiographic ANS: ib 49. iAn ianalysis iof iJenny's iletters irevealed ithat ishe iwas: a. cooperative iand iaggressive b. sentimental iand icompetitive c. suspicious iand isentimental d. dramatic iand icompetitive ANS: ic 50. iAllport ibelieved ithat ipsychologists icould iunderstand ipeople ibetter iif ithey: a. focused ion itheir iconscious imotives ibefore iprobing iinto itheir iunconscious b. focused ion itheir iunconscious imotives ibefore iprobing iinto itheir iconscious imotives c. ignored itheir iconscious imotives icompletely d. immediately iplunged iinto ithe idepths iof ithe iperson's iunconscious ANS: ia 51. iAccording ito iAllport, icharacteristics ithat idominate ithe iperson's ilife iare icalled: a. central itraits b. secondary itraits c. cardinal itraits d. cooperative itraits ANS: ic MSC: iWWW 52. iThe iaspect iof ithe iself ior iproprium ithat itranscends iand iunifies ithe iother iseven icomponents iis icalled ithe: a. bodily iself b. self-as-knower c. self-as-rational-coper d. self-identity ANS: ib MSC: iWWW 53. iIntimacy iand icompassion iare iboth ipart iof ithe imature iperson's iability ito: a. relate iwarmly ito iothers b. poke ifun iat ithemselves iwhen ithey iare iisolated ifrom iothers c. isolate ithemselves ifrom ieveryone ibut itheir iparents d. be ikind ito ithose ipeople iwho ilive iin itheir icountry ANS: ia MSC: iWWW 54. iIndiscriminate iacceptance iof isociety' idemands: a. is ipsychologically iunhealthy b. is ipsychologically ihealthy c. facilitates ipersonal igrowth d. eliminates iprejudice ANS: ia MSC: iWWW 55. iAllport's itheory: a. has ihigh iheuristic ivalue i i b. is ivery iprecisely istated c. has istrong iempirical ivalidity d. is inot ivery ieclectic ANS: ia MSC: iWWW COMPLETION 1. i iA itrait iis ia i______________ istructure iwhich icauses ipeople ito ibehave iin iconsistent iways. ANS: ineuropsychic 2. i iCardinal itraits iare i______________. ANS: imaster imotives 3. i iCharacteristics ithat iare iperipheral ito ithe iperson iare icalled i______________. ANS: isecondary itraits 4. i iThe itraits ithat ipeople iuse ito idescribe ianother iperson ior ito iwrite ia iletter iof irecommendation ifor ihim ior iher iare icalled i______________. ANS: icentral itraits 5. i iA iunique icharacteristic iof ia iperson iis icalled ia i______________. ANS: ipersonal idisposition 6. i iAllport's ifirst iaspect iof iselfhood, ithe i______________ iself, ifirst ibecomes isalient iin iinfancy. ANS: ibodily 7. i iAllport's isecond iaspect iof ithe iproprium iis icalled i______________. i ANS: iself iidentity 8. i iChildren iare itypically ivery inegativistic iduring ithe ithird iaspect iof ithe iproprium iwhen i______________ iemerges. ANS: iself-esteem 9. i iSelf-extension iin ithe iearliest iphases iof idevelopment iis iselfish; iin ithe ilatter iphases, iit iis i______________. ANS: igenerous 10. i iAn iinherited icharacteristic ithat imay ior imay inot ibe ireflected iin ithe iphenotype iof ithe iperson iis icalled ithe i______________. ANS: igenotype TRUE/FALSE 1. iPersonality iis ithe idynamic iorganization iof isituations iwithin ithe iperson. ANS: iF 2. iA itrait iis ia ifluctuation iof imany isituations. ANS: iF 3. iThe ipersonal idisposition iis ia iunique icharacteristic iof ithe iperson, ia itrait inot ishared iwith iothers. ANS: iT 4. iThe ifirst iaspect iof iselfhood iis ithe ibodily iself. ANS: iT 5. iThe iaspect iof iselfhood iwhere ithe iperson idelights iin itesting itheir iskills iis icalled ithe iself-as-rational-coper. ANS: iT 6. iMature iindividuals iare icharacterized iby iself-objectification. ANS: iT 7. iTo iunderstand ithe iunique ifunctioning iof ia isingle iindividual, iAllport ipreferred iusing ian iidiographic iapproach. ANS: iT 8. iThe idevelopment iprocess iinvolving imovement itoward iself-realization iis icalled iBeing. ANS: iF 9. iPeripheral icharacteristics ithat iexert ilittle icontrol iover ibehavior iare icalled isecondary itraits. ANS: iT 10. iMaster imotives iare icalled icardinal itraits. ANS: iT ESSAY 1. i iHow idoes iAllport idefine ipersonality? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 2. i iWhat iis ia itrait? i iDiscuss iAllport's itheory iof itraits. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 3. i iName ithe ivarious iaspects iof ithe iproprium. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 4. i iDescribe ithe icharacteristics iof ithe imature ipersonality, ias iseen iby iAllport. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 5. i iAssess iAllport's itheory iin iterms iof ithe isix icriteria ifor ijudging ithe iworth iof ia iscientific itheory. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 6. iDiscuss ithe idifferences ibetween icommon itraits iand ipersonal idispositions. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 7. i iName ithe ivarious iresearch imethods ithat iAllport iconsidered ito ibe ilegitimate iand iillegitimate ifor ithe istudy iof ipersonality. iDiscuss ithe idifferences ibetween ithe ilegitimate iand iillegitimate itechniques. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 8. i iWhat iare ithe idifferences ibetween ithe iidiographic iand inomothetic iapproaches ito ithe istudy iof ipersonality? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 9. i iWhy iis ithe iconcept iof ifunctional iautonomy iimportant iin iAllport's itheory iof ipersonal idevelopment? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 10. iDescribe ithe idistinctions ibetween icardinal, icentral, iand isecondary itraits. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided