Chapter 10-Eysenck's Biological Typology

CHAPTER i10-EYSENCK'S iBIOLOGICAL iTYPOLOGY i CHAPTER iOUTLINE I. iPersonality-relatively ienduring iorganization iof ia iperson's icharacter, itemperament, iintellect, iand iphysique iwhich idetermines ihis iunique iadjustment ito ithe ienvironment. A. iTypology-a imeans iof iclassifying ibehavior ithrough ithe iuse iof icontinuous, ihighly iabstract iconcepts i(types) ithat iencompass iclusters iof icorrelated itraits. B. iTypes iof ipersonality 1. iextraversion-individuals iwho ihave ian ioutgoing iand isociable iapproach ito ilife. 2. ineuroticism-emotionally iunstable ipeople 3. ipsychoticism-individuals iwith isevere idisorders; ithey iare icruel, iinhumane, ihostile, iand iegocentric, iyet ihighly ioriginal. iEysenck ibelieved ithat isome ipsychotics ican ibe icreative, ibut ionly iin ithe ilimited isense ithat ithey ican igive imany ioriginal iresponses ito ivarious istimuli ithat iothers icannot. i i a. idivergent ithinking-geniuses iand ipsychotics iboth ihave ithe iability ito ithink ialong imany idifferent ipaths, ito iconsider ialternatives inot iordinarily iconsidered iin itrying ito isolve iproblems. b. iconvergent ithinking-only igeniuses, ibut inot ipsychotics, ihave ithe iability ifor iconvergent ithinking. i iSuch ithinking iinvolves ifocusing ion ione iidea ifrom ian iarray iof ipossible iideas iin iarriving iat icreative isolutions ito iproblems. iDivergent iand iconvergent ithinking iare iboth inecessary ifor icreativity, iand ionly igeniuses iare icapable iof iboth itypes iof ithinking. i II. iInhibition iTheory-explanation iof ibehavioral idifferences ion ithe ibasis iof iinhibitory icortical iprocesses ithat ihinder inervous isystem iarousal. A. iextraverts-relatively istrong iinhibitory iprocesses iand iweak iexcitatory iprocesses. B. iintroverts-strong iexcitatory iprocesses iand iweak iinhibitory iprocesses. i i III. iArousal iTheory-explanation iof ibehavioral idifferences iin iterms iof ithe iinteractions ibetween iinherited ilevels iof inervous isystem iarousal iand ilevels iof ienvironmental istimulation. A. iascending ireticular iactivating isystem i(ARAS)-part iof ithe i icentral inervous isystem ilocated iin ithe ilower ibrain istem; iit iis iinvolved iin ithe iarousal iof ithe icerebral icortex. B. iautonomic inervous isystem-part iof ithe iperipheral inervous isystem iusually inot iunder ithe iindividual's ivoluntary icontrol ithat iregulates ithe ioperation iof iinternal iorgans iand iglands; iit iconsists iof isympathetic iand iparasympathetic isubsystems. C. iextraverts-brains ihave ilower iinnate ilevels iof iarousal iand iare iless iresponsive ito istimulation. D. iintroverts-brains ihave ihigher iinnate ilevels iof iarousal iand iare imore isensitive ito istimulation. E. iexamples iof iresearch ifindings-introverts iperformed imore ipoorly ion ia ireading icomprehension itest iwhile iwatching ia iTV idrama ithan iextraverts; iextraverts itend ito iconsume imore ichocolate, icoffee, itea, iand isoft idrinks ithan ido iintroverts. i i F. ineuroticism iand iautonomic iactivation 1. ivisceral ibrain-parts iof ithe ibrain ithat iunderlie iemotional ifeelings iand iexpression; ialso iknown ias ithe ilimbic isystem. 2. ineurotics ihave ilower ithresholds ifor iactivity iin ithe ivisceral ibrain iand igreater iresponsiveness iof ithe isympathetic inervous isystem i(division iof ithe iautonomic inervous isystem ithat imobilizes ithe ibody's iresources ifor iaction); ithus, ineurotics ioverreact ito ieven imild iforms iof istimulation. G. ipsychoticism iand ihormones 1. iandrogens-male isex ihormones; iin imammals, ithe iprincipal ione iis itestosterone. 2. imaleness ilinked ito iantigens, iand ischizophrenics ihave iantigens iin itheir ibodies. IV. iPersonality iDevelopment: ipersonality iis ito ia ilarge iextent ibiologically-based, ibut ipersonality ican ibe ishaped iby ithe iinfluence iof ithe ienvironment. A. iHeredity iplays ia ilarge irole iin idevelopment; isame i3 ipersonality itypes i(extraversion, ineuroticism, iand ipsychoticism ifound iin imany icultures, isuggesting ia istrong igenetic ibasis ifor ipersonality 1. iTwin istudies iused ias ievidence ifor igenetic ibasis iof ipersonality. a. imonozygotic-twins iwho idevelop ifrom ithe isplitting iof ia i isingle ifertilized iegg i(also icalled iidentical itwins). b. idizygotic-twins ithat idevelop isimultaneously ifrom itwo iseparate ifertilized ieggs i(also icalled ifraternal itwins). i i B. iRole iof isocialization 1. iExtraverts ilearn ithe irules iof isocialization iless iquickly iand iefficiently ithan iintroverts; iextraverts igenerally itend ito ibe iless isocialized ithan iintroverts; iextraverts i iare imore ilikely ito ishow imore iantisocial ibehavior iand ibecome icriminals ithan iintroverts. i i i C. iIntelligence iis ia imajor ipersonality ifactor; ilargely igenetic, ibut ican ibe ishaped iby ilearning ienvironment. i 1. ielectroencephalogram i(EEG)-recording iof ielectrical iactivity iin ithe icerebral icortex iobtained iby imeans iof ielectrodes iplaced ion ithe iskull. 2. ievoked ipotentials-patterns iof iwaves ithat ioccur iin ithe ibrain ifollowing iits istimulation. V. iTherapeutic iAssessment iTechniques-relied ion ihost iof iexperimental itechniques ito istudy ipersonality. A. ieyeblink iconditioning-classical iconditioning iparadigm iin iwhich ia itone iis iused ias ithe iconditioned istimulus, iand ia ipuff iof iair ito ithe ieye iis ithe iunconditioned istimulus. i iConditioning ioccurs iwhen ithe iconditioned istimulus ialone iis isufficient ito iproduce ithe ieyeblink iresponse. B. ielectrodermal iresponse-changes iin ithe ielectrical iconductance iof ithe iskin ithat iare iassociated iwith iarousal. C. ipupillary iresponse-changes iin idilation iof ithe ipupils iof ithe ieyes iassociated iwith iarousal. D. iresearch ion ilower ianimals. VI. iTheory's iImplications ifor iTherapy A. iBehavior iTherapy-multifaceted iapproach ito ithe itreatment iof idisorders ibased ion ithe iprinciples iof ilearning. 1. icounterconditioning-procedure ioften iutilized ifor itherapeutic ipurposes, iin iwhich ia iconditioned iresponse i(CR) iis iweakened iby iassociating ithe istimulus i(CS) ithat ievokes iit iwith ia inew iresponse ithat iis iantagonistic i(incompatible) iwith ithe iCR. 2. imodeling-demonstration iof ibehavior iby ione iperson iso ithat ianother iperson ican iimitate iit. 3. iflooding-form iof ibehavior itherapy iin iwhich ithe iclient iis iexposed ito ithe imost iintense istimuli ithat ievoke ifear, itypically ifor iprolonged iperiods iof itime, iin ian ieffort ito iextinguish iit. 4. isystematic idesensitization-technique idesigned ito ireduce ithe istrong ianxieties iassociated iwith ivarious istimuli; ithe iclient iis igradually iexposed ito ithem iand, iat ieach ilevel iin i ithe ianxiety ihierarchy, ilearns inew iresponses ithrough icounterconditioning. i VII. iEvaluative iComments i A. iComprehensiveness-broad iin iscope. B. iPrecision iand itestability- igenerally iprecise iand itestable. C. iParsimony-fails ito imeet ithe iparsimony icriterion; itoo isimplistic. D. iEmpirical ivalidity-much iempirical isupport ifor iEysenck's iarousal itheory, iespecially iin iregard ito ithe ibehavior iof iextraverts iand iintroverts; imuch imore iwork ineeds ito ibe idone ifor ithe ineurotic iand ipsychotic itypes. E. iHeuristic ivalue-theory iis iproving ito ibe ivery istimulating ito iresearchers, inot ionly iin iGreat iBritain, ibut iin iother icountries ias iwell. F. iApplied ivalue-considerable iinfluence ion iresearchers iin icognitive ibehavior itherapy. CLASSROOM iTOPICS iFOR iLECTURE, iDISCUSSION, iAND iDEMONSTRATION Gender, iPsychopathology, iand iCreativity. i iEysenck ibelieved ithat ipsychotics icould ibe i icreative, ibut ionly iin ithe ilimited isense ithat ithey icould igive imany ihighly ioriginal iresponses ito ivarious istimuli. iPeople ihigh iin ipsychoticism iwere imore ilikely ito ibe ivery iaggressive, itoughminded, iunempathic, iand iaggressive. iThese itraits iare iall iones iassociated iwith iextreme imasculinity. i iAlso, imales iscored ihigher iin ipsychoticism ithan ifemales iacross iseveral istudies. iEysenck icontended, itherefore, ithat imales iwere imore ilikely ithan ifemales ito ibe icreative. iAccording ito ihim, icreative ipeople ihad ito ibe itough, iaggressive, ihighly icompetitive, iand ifiercely iindependent ito ifight iagainst iconventional ipeople iwho ioften ioppose inew iand ioriginal iwork ito isucceed. iAsk iyour istudents iif imales iindeed iare imore icreative ithan ifemales, ias iEysenck ithought. i iIn ithe idiscussion, iyou ican ifocus ion ithe ifeminists' iarguments ithat, isince iwe ilive iin ia igenerally ipatriarchal isociety iwith imales idominating ivirtually ievery isphere iof ilife, iit iis inot isurprising ithat ithe iaccomplishments iof ifemales ihave igone iunrecognized. i iIn iother iwords, ithere ihave ibeen imany icreative iaccomplishments iby ifemales, iyet isociety ihas ichosen ito iignore ithem. i iAsk iyour istudents ito ibring iin ia ilist iof i10 iwomen iwho ihave iindeed imade isignificant icontributions ito iscience, iliterature iand ithe iother iarts ito ibuttress ithe ifeminists' iarguments. i iAlso ipoint iout ithat ieven iif iresearchers idid ifind i ithat imost icreative iaccomplishments iwere igenerated iby imen, iit idoes inot inecessarily imean ithat isuch icreativity iwas ibased ion idifferences iin ithe ibiological imakeup iof imen iand iwomen. iPoint iout ithat igender-role isocialization itheory iwould iattribute idifferences iin ithe icreative iaccomplishments ito idifferences iin itraditional imale iand ifemale iroles. i iMen iare itrained ito ibe imore iaggressive, iassertive, iindependent, iand icompetitive, iwhereas iwomen iare itaught ito ibe imore isubmissive, ideferent, iand ipassive. iThus, iif iwe iaccept iEysenck's iarguments iabout ithe irole iof isuper-masculine itraits iin iproducing icreative iproducts iand i ihence ithe icreative isuperiority iof imen, iwe ido inot ihave ito iaccept iits ibiological ibase. i iInstead ithe idifferences imay ibe irooted iin ithe isocialization iprocess. i iThus, iif iwe ichange ithe isocialization iprocess ifor ithe isexes iso ithat ifemales ican ilearn ito ibe imore iassertive, iindependent, iand icompetitive, iwe ishould isee ichanges iin ithe inumber iof iwomen iwho igenerate icreative iwork. i i LEARNING iGOALS At ithe iconclusion iof iChapter i10, iyour istudents ishould ibe iable ito: 1. identify ithe ithree imajor idimensions iof ipersonality. 2. describe ithe itraits imaking iup ithe itype iconcept iof iextraversion, ineuroticism, iand ipsychoticism. 3. discuss iEysenck's iview iof ithe ilinks ibetween ipsychopathology iand icreativity. 4. discuss ithe irole iof iarousal iin icreating idifferences iin ibehavior iof iintroverts iand iextraverts. 5. describe ihow ibehavior itherapy iworks ito ireduce iphobic ibehavior iin ipatients. TEST iBANK MULTIPLE iCHOICE 1. i iAccording ito iEysenck, ipsychology ihas itwo imajor iorientations, inamely: a. experimental ipsychology iand iconditioning ipsychology b. personality ipsychology iand icorrelational ipsychology c. experimental ipsychology iand ipersonality ipsychology d. factor ipsychology iand ipersonality ipsychology ANS: ic 2. i iEysenck idefines ipersonality ias: a. the iinstincts ithat ia iperson ipossesses iwhich ihelps iin ithe iprediction iof iall iactions b. an ienduring iorganization iof ithe iperson's ibehavior, ibut inot itheir iinstincts, iwhich ihelps ihim/her iadjust ito ithe ienvironment c. the imanner iin iwhich ithe iperson's iintellect igoverns ithe iperson's iactions d. a irelatively ienduring iorganization iof ia iperson's icharacter, itemperament, iintellect, iand iphysique, iwhich idetermines ihis/her iunique iadjustment ito ithe ienvironment ANS: id 3. i iEysenck's ibiological itypology: a. is iorganized iin iterms iof iinstincts iand ireflexes b. consists iof itypes, itraits, iand ihabits c. consists iprimarily iof iattitudes iand itypes d. is iorganized ihierarchically iin iterms iof iattitudes, ihabits, iand ireflexes ANS: ib 4. i iIn iEysenck's itypology, itypes: a. are imost iabstract, ifollowed iby itraits, iand ithen ihabits b. are imost iconcrete, ifollowed iby ihabits, iand ithen itraits c. do inot iinvolve iobserved iintercorrelations iamong itraits d. are iinferred idirectly ifrom iintercorrelations iamong ispecific iobservable iresponses ANS: ia 5. i iResearch iby iCampbell-Sills, iCohan, iand iStein iwhich ifocuses ion ibehavioral idifferences ibetween iintroverts iand iextraverts ihas ifound ithat: a. extraverts iseek isocial icontact, ibut ionly iin imiddle iage b. extraverts iare ibetter iable ito icope iwith iadversity ior itrauma ithan iintroverts c. introverts ihave igreater isocial iskills ithan iextraverts d. there iare ino idifferences ibetween iintroverts iand iextraverts iin itheir isocial iskill ilevels ANS: ib 6. i iIndividuals iwho iappear iunable ito iassess ithe iconsequences iof itheir ibehavior iand iwho iact iin ianti-social iways iare icalled: a. introverts b. ambiverts c. manic-depressives d. psychopaths ANS: id 7. i iNeurotics iwho iare ifree ifrom ithe iburden iof ianxiety iand ifear iare icalled: a. manic-depressives b. phobics c. psychopaths d. schizophrenics ANS: ic 8. i iIndividuals iwho iare iinsensitive ito iothers, icruel, iand iinhumane iare icalled: a. neurotics b. psychotics c. psychopaths d. manic-depressives ANS: ib 9. i iIn ithe iancient iGreek itypology, icholerics iwere iconsidered ito ibe: a. moody b. pessimistic c. impulsive d. calm ANS: ic 10. iIn ithe iancient iGreek itypology, isanguines iwere iconsidered ito ibe: a. sociable b. moody c. restless d. passive ANS: ia 11. iIn ithe iancient iGreek itypology, imelancholics iwere iconsidered ito ibe: a. touchy b. restless c. careful d. pessimistic ANS: id 12. iIn ithe iancient iGreek itypology, iphlegmatics iwere iconsidered ito ibe: a. passive b. moody c. touchy d. sociable ANS: ia 13. iThe iexperimental ipsychologist, iWilhelm iWundt, ipointed iout ithat: a. melancholics iand icholerics iwere inonemotional b. phlegmatics iand isanguines iwere inonemotional c. melancholics iand isanguines iwere ipsychotics d. phlegmatics iand isanguines iwere ipsychotics ANS: ib 14. iThe iexperimental ipsychologist, iWilhelm iWundt, inoted ithat: a. cholerics iand isanguines iwere iunchangeable iin itheir ibehavior b. melancholics iand iphlegmatics iwere iunchangeable iin itheir ibehavior c. introverts iand iphlegmatics iwere ichangeable iin itheir ibehavior d. cholerics iand iextraverts iwere iunchangeable iin itheir ibehavior ANS: ib 15. iEysenck ipostulates ithree imajor ipersonality idimensions, inamely: a. stability-extraversion, iimpulse icontrol-psychoticism, iand iintroversion-instability b. instability-psychoticism, iintroversion-extraversion, iand iimpulse-control-neuroticism c. impulse icontrol-neuroticism, iintroversion-extraversion, iand istability-psychoticism d. introversion-extraversion, istability-neuroticism, iand iimpulse icontrol-psychoticism ANS: id 16. iEysenck's itypology ihas: a. a istrong iphysiological ibase, ibut ione iwhich iunfortunately iignores ienvironmental iinfluences b. a istrong iphysiological ibase, ibut ione iwhich idoes inot iignore ienvironmental iinfluences c. a istrong ienvironmental ibase, ibut ione iwhich iunfortunately iignores ithe irole iplayed iby ibiology iin ithe idetermination iof ibehavior d. a istrong ienvironmental ibase, ibut ione iwhich idoes inot istress iphysiological iinfluences ANS: ib 17. iIn iEysenck's iinhibition itheory, iindividual idifferences iin iintroversion iand iextraversion ihave itheir iorigins iin ithe: a. viscera b. adrenal iglands c. pituitary iglands d. cerebral icortex ANS: id 18. iEysenck imaintains ithat iextraverts ihave: a. weak iexcitatory iprocesses iand istrong iinhibitory iprocesses b. strong iexcitatory iprocesses iand iweak iinhibitory iprocesses c. weak inervous isystems d. the isame ikind iof iweak inervous isystem ias iintroverts ANS: ia 19. iIn iEysenck's iview, ia istrong ineed ifor isensory istimulation iis ifound iin: a. psychotics b. introverts c. extraverts d. psychopaths ANS: ic 20. iEysenck iargues ithat ithe ibrains iof: a. introverts ireact imore istrongly iand islowly ito istimuli ithan ithe ibrains iof iextraverts b. extraverts ireact imore iquickly ito istimuli ithan ithe ibrains iof iintroverts c. extraverts iand iintroverts ireact iequally ias iquickly ito istimuli d. introverts ireact imore istrongly iand iquickly ito istimuli ithan ithe ibrains iof iextraverts ANS: id 21. iIn icomparison ito iintroverts, iextraverts iprefer: a. dull icolors b. soft imusic c. reading iand ichess d. loud imusic ANS: id 22. iIn itrying ito iexplain ithe inature iof igenius, iEysenck iclaims ithat: a. geniuses ithroughout ihistory ihave inearly iall ibeen ipsychologically ihealthy b. there iis ia ipositive icorrelation ibetween igenius iand ipsychopathology c. all iparanoid ischizophrenics iare igeniuses d. geniuses ihave ihad ito iexploit iothers ito iget iahead ANS: ib 23. iOn itheoretical igrounds, iEysenck iwould iexpect iextraverts ito: a. tolerate isensory ideprivation iless iwell ithan iintroverts b. find isensory ideprivation iconditions iless iaversive ithan iintroverts c. tolerate isensory ideprivation ias iwell ias iintroverts d. stay iin ia isensory ideprivation iexperiment iapproximately ifour ihours ilonger ithan iintroverts ANS: ia 24. iEysenck imaintains ithat iextraverts iare: a. less isusceptible ito ireactive iinhibition ithan iintroverts b. more isusceptible ito ireactive iinhibition ithan iintroverts c. less isusceptible ito iretroactive idisinhibition iand iinhibition ithan iintroverts d. more isusceptible ito ireactive idisinhibition, ibut inot ito idisinhibitory iconditioning, ithan iintroverts ANS: ib 25. iAccording ito iEysenck, ischizophrenics ihave ian ioverinclusive icognitive istyle ibecause iof ia(n): i a. excess iof idopamine iin ithe ibrain b. lack iof idopamine iin ithe ibrain c. excess iof iserotonin iin ithe ibrain d. excess iof itestosterone ithat iis imanufactured iby ithe ibrain ANS: ia 26. iIn iEysenck's iarousal itheory, ithe idifferences iin ibehavior ibetween iintroverts iand iextraverts iare itraced ito ithe: a. ascending ireticular iactivating isystem b. visceral iorgans c. activating ipineal iand ilimbic isystem d. adrenal iglands ANS: ia 27. iWhich itype iof iperson ihas ia imore iinnately iaroused icortex iat ibase ilevel? a. psychotic b. extravert c. phobic d. introvert ANS: id 28. iIn iexamining idifferences ibetween iintroverts iand iextraverts, iCampbell iand iHawley ifound ithat: a. introverts ipreferred iseating iareas iwhere ithe ifurniture iarrangement iwould iencourage isocial iinteraction iand ihigh iauditory istimulation b. extraverts ipreferred iindividual istudy icarrels c. extraverts itook imore istudy ibreaks ithan iintroverts d. both iintroverts iand iextraverts ipreferred ito istudy iin iindividual icarrels ANS: ic 29. iEysenck ilocates ithe iseat iof ineuroticism iin ithe: a. pituitary igland b. visceral ibrain c. muscle isynapse d. adrenal igland ANS: ib 30. iAccording ito iEysenck, ipeople ihigh iin ineuroticism ihave: a. higher ithresholds ifor iactivity iin ithe ivisceral ibrain b. greater iresponsiveness iof ithe isympathetic inervous isystem c. lower iresponsiveness iof ithe isympathetic inervous isystem d. lower ireactivity ito imild iforms iof istimulation ANS: ib 31. iCorrelations ibetween ineuroticism iand ianxiety iare itypically iin ithe: a. +.20 ito i+.30 irange b. -.20 ito i+.30 irange c. -.50 ito i+.90 irange d. +.60 ito i+.70 irange ANS: id 32. iAccording ito iEysenck, ineurotics ipossess: a. overreactive iautonomic inervous isystems b. underactive iautonomic inervous isystems c. nervous isystems ithat ireact ivery islowly ito istressful istimulation d. highly istable iautonomic inervous isystems ANS: ia 33. iResearch iby iBrezo, iParis, iand iTurecki iexamining isuicide iin iintroverts iand iextraverts ihas ifound ithat: i a. introverts ihave ifewer ithoughts iabout isuicide ithan iextraverts b. extraverts imake imore isuicide iattempts ithan iintroverts i i i i i c. extraverts imake ifewer iattempts iat isuicide iand ihave ifewer iactual isuicides ithan iintroverts d. introverts iand iextraverts ido inot idiffer iin ithe inumber iof isuicide iattempts ithey imake ANS: ic 34. iEysenck imaintains ithat ipsychoticism iis irelated ito: a. brain istem iinjuries b. limbic isystem imalfunctioning c. femaleness d. maleness ANS: id 35. iAccording ito iEysenck, ihigh iP iscorers ishow ia(n): a. excess iof iserotonin iin ithe iblood b. absence iof iantigens iin itheir ibodies c. lack iof iserotonin iin ithe iblood d. absence iof iadrenalin iin itheir ibodies ANS: ic 36. iAccording ito iEysenck, iif igenetics iplays ia imajor irole iin idetermining ipersonality, iwe iwould iexpect ito ifind: a. exactly iseven ipersonality ifactors iin imany icultures b. the isame inumbers iand ikinds iof ifactors iin iall icultures ithat iare itested, idespite isubstantial icultural ivariations c. different inumbers iand ikinds iof ifactors ifollowing ifactor ianalysis d. thirty-five ifactors, ione ifactor ifor ievery iculture itested ANS: ib 37. iIn iEysenck's iview, iintroverts: a. experience imuch imore idifficulty iin ilearning imaterials ithan iextraverts b. tend ito ibe iundersocialized c. learn isocietal irules imore ireadily ithan iextraverts d. are iless imature igenerally ithan iextraverts i ANS: ic 38. iResearch ion idifferences ibetween iintroverts iand iextraverts ishows ithat: a. criminals itend ito ibe iintroverted b. it iis ithe iimpulsivity icomponent iof iextraversion ithat iis irelated idirectly ito icriminality c. it iis ithe isociability icomponent iof iextraversion ithat iis irelated idirectly ito icriminality d. extraversion iin icombination iwith ineuroticism iwhich ihinders ithe idevelopment iof icriminality ANS: ib 39. iResearch iinvestigations iexamining ithe istability iof ipersonality iover ilong iperiods iof itime ishow ithat: a. individuals iwho iare iintroverted iin ichildhood itend ito ibe iintroverted iin iadulthood b. individuals iwho iare iintroverted iin ichildhood itend ito ibecome iextraverted iin iadulthood c. most ipeople iwho iare iintroverted iin ichildhood ibecome ineurotic iin iadulthood d. people iwho iare iextraverted iin ichildhood itend ito ibecome ipsychotic iin iadulthood ANS: ia 40. iEysenck icalls ithe iapplication iof ilearning iprinciples ito ithe itreatment iof idisordered ibehavior: a. instinct itherapy b. cognitive itherapy c. stimulus itherapy d. behavior itherapy ANS: id 41. iIn ithe iphobia iconditioning iexperiment iin iwhich ilittle iAlbert iwas ithe isubject i(study iparticipant), ithe iloud, ifear-producing inoise iwas ithe: a. conditioned istimulus b. unconditioned iresponse c. unconditioned istimulus d. conditioned iresponse ANS: ic 42. iThe iprocedure iwhereby ithe iperson ilearns ito imake ia inew iresponse ito ia ifear-producing istimulus iis icalled: a. counterconditioning b. stimulus iconditioning c. fear iconditioning d. operant iconditioning ANS: ia 43. iThe iautonomic inervous isystem iconsists iof ithe: a. sympathetic iand iautonomic icomponents b. sympathetic iand iparasympathetic icomponents c. parasympathetic iand ibrain istem icomponents d. visceral iand isympathetic icomponents ANS: ib 44. iWhich ione iof ithe ifollowing isystems iprepares ithe iperson ifor ifight ior iflight? a. parasympathetic isystem b. conditioning isystem c. counterconditioning isystem d. sympathetic isystem ANS: id 45. iHecker iand iThorpe ibelieve ithat iflooding iis imost ieffective iin ireducing ior ieliminating ifear iwhen ithe: a. exposure ito ithe idreaded iobject ior isituation iis ibrief b. exposure ito ithe idreaded iobject ior isituation iis iprolonged irather ithan ibrief c. person iis iexposed ito ithe idreaded iobject ifor ifive iminutes d. phobic iperson iis ia iman irather ithan ia iwoman ANS: ib 46. iIn ithe iphobia istudy iby iMarshall iusing iclients iwho iwere iafraid iof iheights, iit iwas ifound ithat: a. most iclients iwho iwere iexposed ito ithe idreaded isituation ifor ilong i itime iperiods iwere iable isubsequently ito iwalk iup ithe ifire iescape istairs ito ithe i20-foot ilevel b. clients iwho iwere inot iexposed ito ithe idreaded iobject iwere iable isubsequently ito iwalk iup ithe ientire i30 ifeet c. all iclients iwho iwere iexposed ito ithe idreaded iobject ifor ibrief iperiods iof itime ishowed ian iincreased ifear iof iheights d. the ilength iof iexposure ito ithe idreaded isituation ihad i iconsiderable inegative iimpact ion iintroverts ibut inot iextraverts ANS: ia 47. iIn iterms iof iits iscientific iworth, iEysenck's itheory iclearly: a. is ihighly iimprecise b. is iparsimonious c. is icomprehensive d. has ino iempirical ivalidity ANS: ic 48. iThe ipositive ior inegative ifeelings iand ievaluations iof istimulation iassociated iwith ivarious ilevels iof iarousal iare icalled: a. conditioning itones b. hedonic itones c. stimulus itones d. inhibition itones ANS: ib 49. iThe iparasympathetic inervous isystem: a. speeds iup iheart irates b. speeds iup ibreathing irates c. conserves ibodily ienergies d. acts iin ithe isame iways ias ithe isympathetic inervous isystem ANS: ic 50. iThe ivisceral ibrain iis ialso iknown ias ithe: a. visceral iglands b. spinal icord c. olfactory iorgans d. limbic isystem ANS: id 51. iEysenck ifinds ithat ithe ievoked ipotential iwaves iof ihighly iintelligent ipeople iare: a. relatively isimple b. complex c. complex, ibut ithey ichange iand ibecome isimple iover ishort itime iperiods d. highly isimple ANS: ib 52. iThe iascending ireticular iactivating isystem iis ipart iof ithe: a. pineal igland b. adrenal iglands c. liver d. lower ibrain istem ANS: id 53. iIn itheir iresearch iexamining idifferences ibetween iextraverts iand iintroverts iin isocial iinteractions iand ihappiness, iSrivastava, iAngelo, iand iVallereau ifound ithat iextraverts: a. had ifewer isocial iinteractions iin ia iday ithan iintroverts b. had imore isocial iinteractions iin ia iday ithan iintroverts c. were iless ihappy ithan iintroverts d. were ivery iunhappy ANS: ib 54. iResearch iby iRomero, iVillar, iLuengo, iand iGomez-Fraguela isuggests ithat: a. introverts iare imore ioptimistic iabout iachieving isuccess iin ithe ipursuit iof itheir igoals ithan iextraverts b. extraverts iare imore ioptimistic iabout iachieving isuccess iin ithe ipursuit iof itheir igoals ithan iintroverts c. both iintroverts iand iextraverts iare iequally ihappy iand ioptimistic iabout iachieving isuccess iin ithe ipursuit iof itheir igoals d. both iintroverts iand iextraverts iare ivery ipessimistic iabout itheir ichances iof iachieving isuccess i ANS: ib 55. iAccording ito iEysenck, icriminals itend: a. to ihave ilow iIQs b. to ihave ivery ihigh iIQs c. to ibe inormal iin iother irespects d. to ihave imoderately ihigh iIQs ANS: ia 56. iIn iEysenck's ijudgment, iintelligence iis: a. 50% iinherited, iand i50% idue ito ienvironmental ifactors b. 20% iinherited, iand i80% idue ito ienvironmental ifactors c. 80% iinherited, iand i20% idue ito ienvironmental ifactors d. 10% iinherited, iand i90% idue ito ienvironmental ifactors ANS: ic 57. iWhich ione iof ithe ifollowing isystems islows idown ia iperson's iheart irate? a. counterconditioning isystem b. sympathetic isystem c. conditioning isystem d. parasympathetic ANS: id 58. iEysenck ithat ithe ivisceral ibrain iregulates: a. intelligence b. the ibeliefs iof ithe iperson c. all iof ithe iperson's ibehavior d. emotion ANS: id 59. iThe icognitive icomponent iof ianxiety iis: a. intelligence b. thinking c. worry d. calm ifeelings ANS: ic 60. iIn iEysenck's iview, ianxiety iconsists iof itwo icomponents: a. worry iand iintelligence b. conditioning iand iworry c. emotionality iand iworry d. intelligence iand iemotionality ANS: ic 61. iIn iEysenck's itheory, ipeople iwho iare icold, iinhumane, iand iaggressive iare icalled: a. anxious b. neurotic c. borderline ipersonalities d. psychotic ANS: id MSC: iWWW 62. iTwins iwho idevelop ifrom ithe isplitting iof ia isingle ifertilized iegg iare icalled: a. monozygotic itwins b. dizygotic itwins c. fraternal itwins d. gendered itwins ANS: ia MSC: iWWW 63. iThe itwo icomponents iof ianxiety iare: a. worry iand iaggressiveness b. emotionality iand ihostility c. resentment iand ihostility d. emotionality iand iworrying ANS: id MSC: iWWW 64. i iPatterns iof iwaves ithat ioccur iin ithe ibrain ifollowing iits istimulation iare icalled: a. potential iwaves b. evoked ipotentials i c. electrical iinstincts d. perpetual iarousal ANS: ib MSC: iWWW 65. iEysenck's itheory: a. has ino iempirical ievidence ito isupport iit b. fails ito imeet ithe iparsimony icriterion c. is inot ivery icomprehensive d. has ilow iapplied ivalue i ANS: ib MSC: iWWW COMPLETION 1. i iEysenck iobserves ithat ipsychology ihas itwo imajor iorientations--personality ipsychology iand i______________. ANS: iexperimental ipsychology 2. i iEysenck icites iconsiderable ievidence ishowing ithat ischizophrenics iperform ivery iwell ion itests iof icreativity ithat irequire ithem ito iuse i______________ ithinking. i ANS: idivergent 3. i iFurnham iand ihis icolleagues ifound ithat i______________ iperformed ivery ipoorly ion ia ireading icomprehension itest iwhile iwatching ia iTV idrama. ANS: iintroverts 4. i iEysenck iwould ipredict ithat i______________ iwould iprefer iloud imusic, ibright icolors, ithe iuse iof ialcohol iand iother idrugs, iand iengage iin ivarious itypes iof isexual iactivity. ANS: iextraverts i 5. i iEysenck imaintained ithat iextraverts iare imore isusceptible ito i______________ iinhibition ithan iare iintroverts iand iare imore ilikely ito itire iof ia igiven iactivity isooner iand iturn ito ianother. ANS: ireactive 6. iIn iEysenck's itheory, i______________ iare iassumed ito ihave iinnately ihigher ilevels iof iarousal iand ito ibe imore isensitive ito istimulation. ANS: iintroverts 7. i iEysenck iassumes ithat iextreme ilevels iof istimulation iproduce inegative i______________ itone iand inegative ievaluations iof ithe iexperience; iwhereas ipositive ifeelings iand ievaluation iwill ioccur ionly iat iintermediate ilevels iof isensory istimulation. ANS: ihedonic 8. i iEsysenck iwould ipredict ithat iwhen ihighly ianxious ipeople iperform ias iwell ias ithose ilow iin ianxiety ion icertain itasks, ithey iexpend imuch______________ ieffort ithan ipeople ilow iin ianxiety. ANS: imore 9. i iEysenck iviewed ihuman ibeings ias ibiosocial icreatures iin iwhom ienvironment iand iinteract ito iproduce ibehavior. ANS: ibiology 10. i iFor iEysenck, ibiological ifactors, irather ithan i______________, iplay ia istronger irole iin ithe idevelopment iof ipersonality. ANS: ienvironmental ifactors TRUE/FALSE 1. iIn iEysenck's iview, ipsychotics itend ito ibe ihostile, icruel, iinhumane, iand iaggressive. ANS: iT 2. iThe idifferences iin ibehavior ibetween iextraverts iand iintroverts ican ibe itraced ito ithe ilimbic isystem. ANS: iF 3. iEysenck ilocates ithe iseat iof ineuroticism iin ithe ivisceral ibrain. ANS: iT 4. iMales ias ia igroup iscore ihigher ion ipsychoticism ithan ifemales. ANS: iT 5. iExtraverts ilearn ithe irules iof isociety imore iquickly iand iefficiently ithan iintroverts. ANS: iF 6. iCriminals itend ito ihave ivery ihigh iIQs. ANS: iF 7. iCurrent iresearch iindicates ithat iboth idivergent iand iconvergent ithinking iare inecessary ifor icreativity. ANS: iT 8. iThe iapplication iof ilearning itheory iand iprinciples ito ithe itreatment iof idisordered ibehavior iis icalled ibehavior itherapy. ANS: iT 9. iThe iparasympathetic inervous isystem islows idown ithe idigestive iprocess iand ispeeds iup iheart iand ibreathing irates. ANS: iF 10. iMale isex ihormones iare icalled iandrogens. ANS: iT ESSAY 1. i iDefine itypes, itraits, iand ihabits iand iexplain ihow ithey iare iorganized ihierarchically iin iEysenck's itypology. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 2. i iDescribe ithe isimilarities iand idifferences ibetween iEysenck's iinhibition iand iarousal itheories. i iShow ihow ieach itheory ican ibe iused ito iexplain ibehavioral idifferences ibetween iintroverts iand iextraverts. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 3. i iExplain iwhy iEysenck ithinks ineurotics itypically ioverreact ito imild iforms iof istimulation. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 4. i iShow ihow iEysenck idemonstrates ithe istrong igenetic ibasis iof ithe ithree iprimary ipersonality idimensions. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 5. i iDescribe iEysenck's iviews ion ihow ineurotic ibehavior iis ilearned iand ihow iit ican ibe ieliminated. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 6. i iWhat idoes iEysenck imean iwhen ihe isays ithat ihe iprefers ia imeritocracy ito ia i"mediocracy"? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 7. i iIn iEysenck's iview, iwhat iis ithe inature iof ithe irelationship ibetween icriminality iand iIQ? i iWhat iarguments idoes ihe ipresent ito isupport ihis iview? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 8. i iWhat iis iEysenck's iexplanation iof ithe iconnection ibetween igenius iand icreativity? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 9. i iDescribe ithe itypical isocialization iof iintroverts iand iextraverts, ias iseen iby iEysenck. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 10. iWhy idoes iEysenck's itheory ifail ito imeet ithe iparsimony icriterion iused iin ijudging ithe iscientific iworth iof ia itheory? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided