C05_TB_Krahn_WICS7e

Chapter I5: ILabour IMarkets: IOpportunities Iand IInequality I Multiple-Choice IQuestions I Identify Ithe Ichoice Ithat Ibest Ianswers Ithe Iquestion. 1. I Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iis Imost Icorrect Iabout Ilabour Imarkets? a. Workers Iseek Iemployers Iwho Ioffer Ithe Ihighest Ipay. b. Employers Iplace Ilittle Iemphasis Ion Ithe Iexperience Iand Iskills Iof Ipotential Iworkers. c. Workers Ilook Ito Isell Itheir Ilabour Ito Iemployers Iwho Ineed Icertain Iskills Iand Iexperience. I d. All Iworkers Ihave Iequal Iaccess Ito Ithe Iprimary Ilabour Imarket. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. I134 BLM: Remember 2. Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iis Ia Ibasic Iassumption Iof Ihuman Icapital Itheory? a. Investment Iin Ihuman Icapital Ipays Ioff Ionly Ifor Icertain Igroups Iof Iworkers. b. Jobs Iwith Ithe Ihighest Irewards Imake Ithe Ibiggest Ieconomic Icontribution Ito Isociety. c. Only Iemployers Iand Iworkers Iare Iinvolved Iin Ithe Ilabour Imarket, Ibut Inot Igovernment. d. Workers Icompete Ifor Ijobs Iin Itwo Isegregated Ilabour Imarkets. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. I135 BLM: Remember 3. I After Itwo Iyears Iof Ibeing Iunable Ito Ifind Iwork Ias Ia Ijournalist, IAbdul Iwent Iback Ito Ischool Iand Ibegan Ian Iengineering Idegree. IUpon Igraduating, Ihe Iquickly Ifound Ia Ihigh-paying Iand Irewarding Ijob Iin Ithe Ifield. IWhich Iof Ithe Ifollowing Ibest Iaccounts Ifor IAbdul’s Isuccessful Iexperience? a. Human Icapital Itheory. b. Bourdieu’s Iconception Iof Isocial Icapital. c. Labour Imarket Isegmentation Itheory. d. Gender-role Isocialization. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. I135 BLM: Higher IOrder 4. Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Ihave Ibeen Idemonstrated Iby Istudies Iof Ieducational Iopportunity Iin ICanada? a. Men Iare Imore Ilikely Ithan Iwomen Ito Ipursue Ihigher Ieducation. b. Youth Ifrom Ihigh-income Ifamilies Iare Imore Ilikely Ito Iattend Iuniversity. c. The Ieducational Iattainment Iof Iparents Ihas Ilittle Iimpact Ion Ithe Iuniversity Iparticipation Iof Itheir Ichildren. d. In Igeneral, Irural Iyouth Iare Ias Ilikely Ito Iparticipate Iin Iuniversity Ieducation Ithan Iurban Iyouth. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pp. I138–140 BLM: Higher IOrder   5. I Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iis Imost Icorrect Iabout IKrahn’s I(2009) Ifindings Ion Ifamily Isocioeconomic Istatus I(SES) Iand Ihigher Ieducation? I a. SES Idifferences Iin Ipostsecondary Ieducational Iattainment Iwere Isignificant. b. SES Ihad Ilittle Iimpact Ion Ihigher Ieducation Iattainment. c. Young Ipeople Ihave Isimilar Ieducational Iaspirations Iregardless Iof Itheir Ifamily ISES. d. Over Itime, Ithe ISES Igap Iin Iaccess Ito Ihigher Ieducation Ihas Iwidened. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. I140 BLM: Remember 6. Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iis Ithe Ibest Iexample Iof Ihow Icultural Icapital Ioperates Iin Ithe Ieducation Isystem? a. Family Isocioeconomic Istatus Ihas Ilittle Iimpact Ion Ithe Icultural Icapital Ithat Istudents Ibring Ito Ischool. b. Schools Iare Ineutral Iinstitutions Iwhere Icultural Icapital Ihas Ilittle Iimpact. c. Cultural Icapital Iis Iacquired Iby Istudents Iin Ischool. d. Typically, Ischools Ireward Ithe Ilanguage, Ibeliefs, Iand Ibehaviours Iof Ithe Imore Ipowerful Igroups Iin Isociety. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. I141–142 BLM: Remember 7. I Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iis Icorrect Iabout IPierre IBourdieu’s Idiscussion Iof I“cultural Icapital?” I a. It Isuggests Ithat Iindustrial Icapitalism Iwill Inot Ibe Isuccessful Iin Isome Icultures. I b. It Iextends Ihuman Icapital Itheory Ito Imake Iit Imore Iapplicable Ito Idifferent Icultures. I c. It Iprovided IDurkheim Iwith Imany Iof Ihis Iideas Iabout Ithe Idivision Iof Ilabour. I d. It Ihelps Iexplain Iwhy Ichildren Ifrom Imore Iaffluent Ifamilies Ido Ibetter Iin Ischool. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. I141–142 BLM: Higher IOrder 8. Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Ihave Ibeen Idemonstrated Iby Istatus Iattainment Iresearch? I a. The Iamount Iof Ieducation Iindividuals Ipossess Ihas Ilittle Iimpact Ion Ithe Istatus Iof Ithe Ijobs Ithey Ihold Ilater Iin Ilife. b. Canadian Isociety Iis Ia Imeritocracy. c. Women Iare Iless Ilikely Ithan Imen Ito Itranslate Itheir Ieducational Iattainment Iinto Ihigher Ipaying Ijobs. d. Immigrants Iexperience Ithe Isame Iupward Ijob Imobility Ias ICanadian-born Iworkers, Ias Ilong Ias Ithey Ihave Isimilar Ieducation Ilevels. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. I142–144 BLM: Higher IOrder   9. After Igraduating Ifrom Iuniversity, ISadia Itravelled Iabroad Iwith Iher Ifriend IJoan Ifor Ia Iyear. IWhen Ishe Icame Iback Ito ICanada, ISadia Iquickly Iaccepted Ia Iwell-paying Ijob Iat IJoan’s Ifather’s Icompany. IWhich Iof Ithe Ifollowing Ibest Idescribes ISadia’s Ilabour Imarket Iopportunity? a. Economic Icapital. b. Cultural Icapital. c. Human Icapital. d. Social Icapital. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. I143 BLM: Higher IOrder 10. I Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iis Ia Icentral Iprinciple Iof Ilabour Imarket Isegmentation Itheory? a. Labour Imarket Ioutcomes Iare Ialmost Ialways Imeritorious. I b. There Iis Ino Isingle, Iopen Ilabour Imarket Iin Iany Ieconomy. I c. Education Iis Ireally Ithe Ionly Ifactor Ithat Imatters Iin Idetermining Iwho Igets Ibetter Ijobs. I d. Globalization Ihas Iled Ito Ibetter Ijobs Idisappearing Iin Iwestern Iindustrialized Ieconomies. I ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. I144 BLM: Higher IOrder 11. Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iis Ia Icentral Iprinciple Iof Ithe Idual Ieconomy Iperspective Ion Ilabour Imarkets? a. Capitalist Ieconomies Iare Idominated Iby Ia Ifew Ilarge Iand Ipowerful Icompanies. b. The Iservice Isector Iand Iprimary Isector Iare Imost Iimportant Ito Ithe Ieconomy. I c. The Iperiphery Isector Iis Icomprised Iof Ia Ifew Ilarge Icompanies. d. The Isecondary Ilabour Imarket Iis Ifound Iin Ithe Icore Isector. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. I145 BLM: Remember 12. I Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iterms Ibest Idescribes Ithe Iwell-developed Itraining Isystems Iand Icareer Ipaths Ifor Iemployees Ifound Iwithin Imajor Iprivate- Iand Ipublic-sector Iwork Iorganizations? a. Primary Ilabour Imarket. I b. Bureaucratic Ijob Ighetto. I c. Professional Ienclave. I d. Internal Ilabour Imarket. I ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. I147 BLM: Remember 13. Randall ICollins’s Iterm Imarket Iclosure Ibest Idescribes Iwhich Iof Ithe Ifollowing? a. The Iextent Ito Iwhich Iprofessional Igroups Ican Icreate Itheir Iown Imarket Ifor Itheir Iservices. b. The Ibarrier Ibetween Ithe Iprimary Iand Isecondary Ilabour Imarkets.   c. The Iability Iof Iprofessional Igroups Ito Irestrict Iothers Ifrom Idoing Itheir Itype Iof Iwork. d. The Ieconomic Iactivity Ithat Ihalts Ionce Istock Imarkets Iclose. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. I148–149 BLM: Remember 14. Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Icharacteristics Imight Iallow Ian Ioccupational Igroup Ito Ibegin Icalling Iitself Ia Iprofession? I a. Strategies Iand Imechanism Ifor Icontrolling Iwho Ican Iand Icannot Iwork Iin Ithe Ifield. b. Training Irequirements Ithat Iinclude Iat Ileast Isome Ipostsecondary Ieducation. c. Enough Imembers Ito Irepresent Iat Ileast I10 Ipercent Iof Ithe Iworkforce. d. Members Ipractising Iin Ia Iwide Irange Iof Idifferent Icountries. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. I148–149 BLM: Higher IOrder 15. I Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Ihave Ibeen Idemonstrated Iby Istudies Iof Ithe Ilabour Imarket Iexperiences Iof Iimmigrants Ito ICanada? a. On Iaverage, Iimmigrants Ito ICanada Ihave Iless Ieducation Ithan ICanadian-born Iworkers. I b. The Ieducational Icredentials Iof Iimmigrants Iare Ihighly Ivalued Iin ICanada. I c. Compared Ito Iseveral Idecades Iago, Iit Iis Itaking Iimmigrants Ilonger Ito I“catch Iup” Iwith ICanadian-born Iworkers Iwith Iequivalent Ieducation. I d. Female Iimmigrants Iare Ihaving Igreater Idifficulty Ifinding Isatisfactory Iemployment Iin ICanada, Ibut Ithis Iis Inot Ithe Icase Ifor Imale Iimmigrants. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. I153 BLM: Higher IOrder 16. I In I2006, Iabout I10 Ipercent Iof Inative-born ICanadians Iwith Iuniversity Idegrees Iwere Iworking Iin Isales Iand Iservices Ijobs Iwith Ilow Ieducation Irequirements. IWhich Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iis Icorrect Iwith Irespect Ito Irecently Iimmigrated Iwomen Iwith Idegrees Iworking Iin Isales Iand Iservice Iin I2006? a. About I10 Ipercent Iworked Iin Ithese Ijobs. b. About I40 Ipercent Iworked Iin Ithese Ijobs. c. About I80 Ipercent Iworked Iin Ithese Ijobs. d. About I15 Ipercent Iworked Iin Ithese Ijobs. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. I153 BLM: Remember 17. Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iis Icorrect Iabout Ithe Ilabour Iforce Iparticipation Iof IAboriginal ICanadians? a. In Igeneral, Itheir Iemployment Iand Iunemployment Irates Iare Icomparable Ito Inon-Aboriginal ICanadians. b. Aboriginal ICanadians Iwho Ilive Iin Iurban Icentres Ido Inot Iexperience Idiscrimination Iand Iprejudice Iamong Iemployers.   c. Geographic Ilocation Ilimits Iaccess Ito Igood Ijobs Ifor Imany IAboriginal ICanadians. d. On Iaverage, IAboriginal ICanadians Iare Ias Ilikely Ias Iother ICanadians Ito Ihave Iacquired Icredentials Ithat Itranslate Iinto Ibetter Ijobs. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. I155–157 BLM: Higher IOrder 18. I Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Iis Imost Icorrect Iabout Ilabour Imarket Isegmentation? a. It Imay Ibe Itaking Ia Idifferent Iform Ias Ithe Ilabour Imarket Ibecomes Imore Ipolarized. I b. It Ihas Ibeen Ideclining Isince Ithe I1980s Iwhen Icorporate Idownsizing Ibecame Ipopular. I c. It Ioccurs Imainly Ibecause Iof Iinadequate Iskills Iand Itraining Iamong ICanadian Iworkers. I d. It Ican Ionly Ibe Ireduced Iby Ifurther Iinvestments Iin Ihuman Icapital Iby Iindividual Iworkers. I ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. I160–162 BLM: Higher IOrder 19. Which Iof Ithe Ifollowing Ibest Iexemplifies Icurrent Ipatterns Iof Ilabour Imarket Ipolarization? a. An Iincrease Iin Ihighly Iskilled Itemporary Iforeign Iworkers. b. Emergence Iof Ia Iknowledge Ieconomy Iwith Imore I“creative” Iwork. c. Shrinking Iof Ithe Iprimary Ilabour Imarket. d. Downsizing Iof Ithe Igoods-producing Isector. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. I160–162 BLM: Remember 20. The Iprevalence Iof I“underemployment” Iin Ithe ICanadian Iworkplace Idemonstrates Iwhich Iof Ithe Ifollowing? a. Workers Iare Ichoosing Ito Itake Ijobs Ithat Idon’t Iutilize Itheir Iskills Iand Ieducation. b. Workers Ishould Icontinue Ito Iinvest Iin Itheir Ihuman Icapital. c. There Iis Ia Ishortage Iof Iskilled Ilabour. d. There Imay Ibe Ia Ishortage Iof I“good” Ijobs Iavailable. I ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. I165–166 BLM: Remember Short IAnswer IQuestions 21. Briefly Idefine Icultural Icapital, Iwith Ia Ifew Iexamples. IHow Idoes Iit Irelate Ito Isocioeconomic Istatus? REF: Ipp. I140–142 22. In Ia Ifew Isentences, Ioutline Ithe Idual Ieconomies Iperspective Ion Ilabour Imarkets. IProvide Iexamples Iof Ioccupations Ifound Iin Ithe Icore Iand Iperiphery Isectors. REF: Ipp. I145–146 23. I In Ia Ifew Isentences, Ioutline Ithe Ilabour Imarket Isituation Iof IAboriginal ICanadians. ISuggest Isome Ireasons Ifor Iany Idifferences Ibetween IAboriginal Iand Inon-Aboriginal ICanadians Iyou Imight Idescribe. I I REF: Ipp. I155–157 24. In Igeneral, Iwhat Iare Ithe Ilabour Imarket Iexperiences Iof Ipeople Iwith Idisabilities Iin ICanada, Icompared Ito Ithe Irest Iof Ithe Ipopulation? REF: Ipp. I157–158 Essay IQuestions I 25. What Iis Ilabour Imarket Isegmentation? IWhich Igroups Iof Iworkers Iare Imost Inegatively Iaffected Iby Isuch Isegmentation? IWhat Ican Ibe Idone Ito Ireverse Ithe Itrend Itoward Igreater Ilabour Imarket Ipolarization? Suggested Istudent Iresponse: IStudents Ishould Ioutline Ilabour Imarket Isegmentation Itheory I(e.g., Ithe Iimplications Iof Ihaving Ia Iprimary Iand Isecondary Ilabour Imarket, Ibarriers Ibetween Ithe Itwo Imarkets). IWith Irespect Ito Iaccess, Istudents Imay Itouch Ion Ithe Irole Iof Ilabour Imarket Ishelters, Iinternal Ilabour Imarkets, Iand Iunions. IA Igood Iresponse Ishould Ihighlight Ithe Idifficulty Ithat Iwomen Iand Ivisible Iminorities Ihave Ihad Iaccessing I“good” Iprimary Ilabour Imarket Ijobs. IIn Iterms Iof Ireversing Ithe Itrend Itoward Igreater Ilabour Imarket Ipolarization, Istudents Imay Ioutline Ithe Irole Iof Ipublic Ipolicy I(particularly Iinvolving Ieducation), Ianti-discrimination Ilaws, Iand Iunions I(pp. I164–166). 26. Julie Iis Ia I30-year-old Ifirst-generation IFilipina ICanadian. IShe Iholds Ia IBachelor Iof IArts Idegree Ifrom Ia Iwell-respected Iuniversity, Iyet Ihas Irecently Ibeen Iforced Ito Itake Ia Ibarista Ijob Iat Ia Ilocal Icafé. IUse Ithe Ihuman Icapital Iand Ilabour Imarket Isegmentation Itheories Ito Ianalyze IJulie’s Ilabour Imarket Iposition. IWhich Iperspective Ido Iyou Ifind Imore Iconvincing? IWhy? Suggested Istudent Iresponse: IStudents Ishould Icompare Iand Icontrast Ithe Ibasic Itenets Iof Ihuman Icapital Iand Ilabour Imarket Isegmentation Itheories Iand Iapply Ithem Ito Ithis Icase Istudy. IA Ihuman Icapital Iperspective Iwould Isuggest Ithat IJulie Ineeds Ito Igo Iback Ito Ischool Iand Ifurther Iinvest Iin Ihuman Icapital, Iwhile Ia Ilabour Imarket Isegmentation Iapproach Iwould Ihighlight Ithe Igrowth Iof Ithe Isecondary Ilabour Imarket I(particularly Ilower-tier Iservices), Iand Ibarriers Ito Imovement Iinto Iprimary Ilabour Imarkets. IThe Igendered Inature Iof Ilabour Imarket Isegmentation Iis Ialso Iimportant Ito Idiscuss. I 27. As Inoted Iin IChapter I3, ICanada’s Ipopulation Iis Ibecoming Iincreasingly Idiverse. IWith Iimmigrants Inow Icoming Ito ICanada Ifrom Imany Idifferent Icountries, Ihow Iis Iaccess Ito Iprimary Ilabour Imarket Ijobs Ibeing Iaffected? IWhat Iissues Idoes Ithis Itrend Itoward Igreater Ipopulation Idiversity Icreate Ifor Iemployers, Ithe Igovernment, Iand Iworkers Ithemselves? I   Suggested Istudent Iresponse: IStudents Ishould Ioutline Ithe Idifferences Ibetween Ithe Iprimary Iand Isecondary Ilabour Imarkets, Iand Iaddress Ithe Ichallenges Ithat Irecent Iimmigrants Iand Ivisible Iminorities Iexperience Iwhen Itrying Ito Iaccess Iprimary Ilabour Imarket Ijobs I(pp. I153–154). IStudents Imay Idiscuss Idiscrimination Iand Isystemic Idiscrimination, Ias Iwell Ias Ithe Ipotential Iroles Iof Ieducation, Iemployment Iequity Ipolicies, Iand Ianti-discrimination Ilaws Ito Iimprove Ithe Imarket Iexperiences Iof Ithese Iindividuals. 28. See IDiscussion IQuestions Iat Ithe Iend Iof IChapter I5 Ifor Iadditional Iideas Ifor Iexamination Iessay Iquestions. I