PORTAGE LEARNING Study Guide NURS 231 - Expert-Verified Solutions

PORTAGE LEARNING Study Guide NURS 231 - Expert-Verified Solutions Neoplasia is a disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth. Neoplasm is the "new growth." - answer - Define neoplasia and neoplasm: Proliferation, a process of cell division, is an adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed. Differentiation is the process in which cells become more specialized with each mitotic division. - answer - Define proliferation and differentiation: (1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely divide and reproduce; (2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, like blood, skin, and liver cells; (3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large number of progenitor cells if needed. - answer - What are the 3 main groups of cells that proliferate? The more specialized cells are unable to divide, so these cell populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide. They have enough differentiation so the daughter cells are limited to the same cell line, but not quite differentiated enough to prohibit active proliferation. - answer - What are progenitor cells? Stem cells remain dormant until they are needed. When needed, they can divide, produce other stem cells, and carry out the functions of the differentiated cell. Two important properties that stem cells possess are self-renewal and potency. Self-renewal means the stem cell can undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated state. Potency describes the differentiation potential of stem cells. - answer - What are the benefits of the stem cell? A polyp is a growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant. - answer - What is a polyp? The multi-step process of metastasis occurs as follows: a cancer cell must break loose from the primary tumor, invade the surrounding extracellular matrix, gain access to a blood vessel, survive its passage in the bloodstream, emerge at a favorable location, invade the surrounding tissue, begin to grow, and establish a blood supply. - answer - Explain metastasis and how it occurs: Solid tumors and hematologic cancers - answer - What are the two broad categories of malignant neoplasms? Carcinoma in situ is a localized preinvasive lesion. These can typically be surgically removed or treated, and recurrence is less likely. - answer - Explain what carcinoma in situ is? Seeding of cancer cells into body cavities occurs when a tumor sheds cells into these spaces. Most often seeding occurs into the peritoneal cavity, as typically seen with ovarian cancer. - answer - What is seeding? The first evidence of disease may be found in the lymph nodes that drain the tumor area. The sentinel node is the first lymph node to which the primary tumor drains. This lymph node is examined for the presence of cancer cells. - answer - What is important about the sentinel node? When the tumor reaches the distant site, it must establish blood vessels and growth factors to continue to grow. The development of new blood vessels within the tumor is termed angiogenesis. - answer - What is angiogenesis? 1. The genetic and molecular mechanisms that transform normal cells to cancer cells. 2. The external factors such as age, heredity, and environmental agents. - answer - What are the 2 broad etiologic causes of cancer? Protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes - answer - What are the 2 cancer associated genes? Point mutation, chromosomal translocation, and gene amplification - answer - What are the 3 genetic events that lead to oncogene formation and activation? Defects in DNA repair mechanisms, defects in growth factor signaling pathways, evasion of apoptosis, avoidance of cellular senescence, development of sustained angiogenesis, and metastasis an