1
Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman college of Engineering
Vadamavandal-604410.
Prepared by,
V.Umapathy,
Prof./Mech.
Imortant Questions and Answers
ME3791- MECHATRONICS AND IoT
Syllabus
1. UNIT – I SENSORS AND ACTUATORS 9
Introduction to Mechatronics - Modular Approach, Sensors and Transducers: Static and
Dynamic Characteristics, Transducers - Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive and Resonant,
Optical Sensors – Photodetectors - Vision Systems – Laser - Fibre optic - Non-fibre Optic,
Solid State Sensors, Piezoelectric and Ultrasonic Sensors. Actuators – Brushless Permanent
Magnet DC Motor – PM, VR and Hybrid Stepper motors – DC and AC Servo Motors.
2. UNIT – II SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUITS AND PLC 9
Operational Amplifiers – Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifier – Wheatstone bridge
Amplifier – Instrumentation Amplifier – PID Controller, Protection Circuits, Filtering
Circuits, Multiplexer, Data Logger and Data Acquisition System –, Switching Loads by
Power Semiconductor Devices Circuits – Thyristors – TRIAC – Darlington Pair –MOSFET
and Relays.
PLC – Architecture – Input / Output Processing – Logic Ladder Programming – Functional
Block Programming using Timers and Counters – Applications.
3. UNIT – III FUNDAMENTALS OF IoT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 9
The Internet of Things ( IoT) - Introduction to the IoT Framework – IoT Enabling
Technologies- The Effective Implementation of IoT: The Detailed Procedure. Embedded
Systems: An Introduction - Single-Chip Microcontroller Systems - Single-Board
Microcontroller Systems - Single-Board Computer Systems - Embedded Systems:
Peripherals - Software Considerations.
4. UNIT – IV CONTROLLERS 9
Foundation topics: Programming Languages: C++ and Python - The Linux Operating
System. Arduino: The Arduino Boards - Arduino Peripherals- Arduino IDE – ESP8266 Wi-
, 2
Fi module. Raspberry Pi: The Raspberry Pi Boards - The Raspberry Pi Peripherals - The
Raspberry Pi Operating System. (typical peripherals) Interfacing and Controlling I/O devices
by Arduino and Raspberry Pi: LEDs - Push buttons - Light intensity sensor - Ultrasonic
distance sensor – Temperature sensor- Humidity sensor - Sensor and Actuator interactions
5. UNIT – V MECHATRONICS AND IoT CASE STUDIES 9
Mechatronics systems: Drone actuation and Control -Autonomous Robot with Vision
System, Automotive Mechatronics: Electronic Ignition System - ABS - EBD - Adaptive
Cruise Control. IoT case studies: Remote Monitoring Systems- Remotely Operated
Autonomous Systems - Centralized Water Management System - IoT Enabled Robotic
Camera Dolly - Portable, Wireless, Interactive IoT Sensors for Agriculture - IoT Vehicle
Management System with Network Selection.
S.No. Description
Unit-I
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
Basic Concepts
Topic Basic Concept Important Points / Applications
Integration of Mechanical, Electrical,
Improves automation, precision,
Mechatronics Electronics, Control Systems and
reliability and productivity.
Computer Engineering.
Modular Designing a system by combining Easy maintenance, flexibility, faster
Approach independent functional modules. development and replacement.
Device that detects a physical quantity
Sensor Input element of a mechatronic system.
and converts it into a measurable signal.
Device that converts electrical,
Output element of a mechatronic
Actuator hydraulic or pneumatic energy into
system.
mechanical motion.
Device that converts one form of energy
Transducer Every sensor is generally a transducer.
into another.
Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity,
Static Performance under steady-state
Linearity, Resolution, Repeatability,
Characteristics conditions.
Hysteresis, Drift.
Speed of response, Time constant, Rise
Dynamic Performance under changing input
time, Settling time, Bandwidth,
Characteristics conditions.
Frequency response.
Accuracy Degree of closeness to the true value. Expressed as percentage error.
Ability to produce the same output
Precision Indicates consistency.
repeatedly.
, 3
Change in output per unit change in
Sensitivity Higher sensitivity gives better detection.
input.
Important for high-precision
Resolution Smallest detectable input change.
instruments.
Linearity Output is directly proportional to input. Easier calibration.
Ability to provide the same output for
Repeatability Indicates reliability.
repeated inputs.
Difference in output during increasing
Hysteresis Should be minimum.
and decreasing input.
Slow change in output with time under
Drift Reduced through calibration.
constant input.
Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive and Resonant Transducers
Transducer Working Principle Measures Applications
Resistive Resistance changes with physical Displacement, Potentiometer, Strain
Transducer quantity. Temperature, Pressure Gauge, RTD
Capacitive Capacitance changes due to Displacement, Pressure, Level measurement,
Transducer distance, area or dielectric. Thickness Touch sensors
Inductive Inductance changes with LVDT, Proximity
Position, Speed
Transducer movement of magnetic core. sensors
Resonant Resonant frequency varies with High-precision
Pressure, Force
Transducer applied force or pressure. industrial sensors
Optical Sensors
Sensor Principle Applications
Object detection,
Optical Sensor Detects changes in light intensity.
Automation
Optical communication,
Photodetector Converts light into electrical current.
Cameras
Reverse-biased semiconductor producing current
Photodiode Barcode scanners
under illumination.
Phototransistor Light-controlled transistor with higher gain. Position sensing
LDR
Resistance decreases as light intensity increases. Automatic street lights
(Photoresistor)
, 4
Vision Systems
Concept Description Applications
Vision Camera-based inspection system with image Quality inspection, Robot
System processing. guidance
Camera, Lens, Lighting, Image Processor,
Components Automated manufacturing
Computer
Advantages Fast, Accurate, Non-contact Industrial automation
Laser
Concept Description
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Characteristics Monochromatic, Coherent, Directional, High intensity
Applications Cutting, Welding, Alignment, Medical equipment, Distance measurement
Fibre Optic Sensors
Concept Description Applications
Fibre Optic Temperature, Pressure,
Uses optical fibre to transmit light for sensing.
Sensor Strain
Immune to EMI, Lightweight, Long-distance
Advantages Aerospace, Oil & Gas
transmission
Non-Fibre Optic Sensors
Type Description
Photoelectric Sensor Detects interruption of light beam
Infrared Sensor Uses infrared radiation
Laser Sensor Measures distance accurately
Optical Encoder Measures angular position
Solid State Sensors
Sensor Working Principle Applications
Hall Effect Sensor Magnetic field produces voltage. Speed measurement, Position sensing
Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman college of Engineering
Vadamavandal-604410.
Prepared by,
V.Umapathy,
Prof./Mech.
Imortant Questions and Answers
ME3791- MECHATRONICS AND IoT
Syllabus
1. UNIT – I SENSORS AND ACTUATORS 9
Introduction to Mechatronics - Modular Approach, Sensors and Transducers: Static and
Dynamic Characteristics, Transducers - Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive and Resonant,
Optical Sensors – Photodetectors - Vision Systems – Laser - Fibre optic - Non-fibre Optic,
Solid State Sensors, Piezoelectric and Ultrasonic Sensors. Actuators – Brushless Permanent
Magnet DC Motor – PM, VR and Hybrid Stepper motors – DC and AC Servo Motors.
2. UNIT – II SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUITS AND PLC 9
Operational Amplifiers – Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifier – Wheatstone bridge
Amplifier – Instrumentation Amplifier – PID Controller, Protection Circuits, Filtering
Circuits, Multiplexer, Data Logger and Data Acquisition System –, Switching Loads by
Power Semiconductor Devices Circuits – Thyristors – TRIAC – Darlington Pair –MOSFET
and Relays.
PLC – Architecture – Input / Output Processing – Logic Ladder Programming – Functional
Block Programming using Timers and Counters – Applications.
3. UNIT – III FUNDAMENTALS OF IoT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 9
The Internet of Things ( IoT) - Introduction to the IoT Framework – IoT Enabling
Technologies- The Effective Implementation of IoT: The Detailed Procedure. Embedded
Systems: An Introduction - Single-Chip Microcontroller Systems - Single-Board
Microcontroller Systems - Single-Board Computer Systems - Embedded Systems:
Peripherals - Software Considerations.
4. UNIT – IV CONTROLLERS 9
Foundation topics: Programming Languages: C++ and Python - The Linux Operating
System. Arduino: The Arduino Boards - Arduino Peripherals- Arduino IDE – ESP8266 Wi-
, 2
Fi module. Raspberry Pi: The Raspberry Pi Boards - The Raspberry Pi Peripherals - The
Raspberry Pi Operating System. (typical peripherals) Interfacing and Controlling I/O devices
by Arduino and Raspberry Pi: LEDs - Push buttons - Light intensity sensor - Ultrasonic
distance sensor – Temperature sensor- Humidity sensor - Sensor and Actuator interactions
5. UNIT – V MECHATRONICS AND IoT CASE STUDIES 9
Mechatronics systems: Drone actuation and Control -Autonomous Robot with Vision
System, Automotive Mechatronics: Electronic Ignition System - ABS - EBD - Adaptive
Cruise Control. IoT case studies: Remote Monitoring Systems- Remotely Operated
Autonomous Systems - Centralized Water Management System - IoT Enabled Robotic
Camera Dolly - Portable, Wireless, Interactive IoT Sensors for Agriculture - IoT Vehicle
Management System with Network Selection.
S.No. Description
Unit-I
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
Basic Concepts
Topic Basic Concept Important Points / Applications
Integration of Mechanical, Electrical,
Improves automation, precision,
Mechatronics Electronics, Control Systems and
reliability and productivity.
Computer Engineering.
Modular Designing a system by combining Easy maintenance, flexibility, faster
Approach independent functional modules. development and replacement.
Device that detects a physical quantity
Sensor Input element of a mechatronic system.
and converts it into a measurable signal.
Device that converts electrical,
Output element of a mechatronic
Actuator hydraulic or pneumatic energy into
system.
mechanical motion.
Device that converts one form of energy
Transducer Every sensor is generally a transducer.
into another.
Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity,
Static Performance under steady-state
Linearity, Resolution, Repeatability,
Characteristics conditions.
Hysteresis, Drift.
Speed of response, Time constant, Rise
Dynamic Performance under changing input
time, Settling time, Bandwidth,
Characteristics conditions.
Frequency response.
Accuracy Degree of closeness to the true value. Expressed as percentage error.
Ability to produce the same output
Precision Indicates consistency.
repeatedly.
, 3
Change in output per unit change in
Sensitivity Higher sensitivity gives better detection.
input.
Important for high-precision
Resolution Smallest detectable input change.
instruments.
Linearity Output is directly proportional to input. Easier calibration.
Ability to provide the same output for
Repeatability Indicates reliability.
repeated inputs.
Difference in output during increasing
Hysteresis Should be minimum.
and decreasing input.
Slow change in output with time under
Drift Reduced through calibration.
constant input.
Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive and Resonant Transducers
Transducer Working Principle Measures Applications
Resistive Resistance changes with physical Displacement, Potentiometer, Strain
Transducer quantity. Temperature, Pressure Gauge, RTD
Capacitive Capacitance changes due to Displacement, Pressure, Level measurement,
Transducer distance, area or dielectric. Thickness Touch sensors
Inductive Inductance changes with LVDT, Proximity
Position, Speed
Transducer movement of magnetic core. sensors
Resonant Resonant frequency varies with High-precision
Pressure, Force
Transducer applied force or pressure. industrial sensors
Optical Sensors
Sensor Principle Applications
Object detection,
Optical Sensor Detects changes in light intensity.
Automation
Optical communication,
Photodetector Converts light into electrical current.
Cameras
Reverse-biased semiconductor producing current
Photodiode Barcode scanners
under illumination.
Phototransistor Light-controlled transistor with higher gain. Position sensing
LDR
Resistance decreases as light intensity increases. Automatic street lights
(Photoresistor)
, 4
Vision Systems
Concept Description Applications
Vision Camera-based inspection system with image Quality inspection, Robot
System processing. guidance
Camera, Lens, Lighting, Image Processor,
Components Automated manufacturing
Computer
Advantages Fast, Accurate, Non-contact Industrial automation
Laser
Concept Description
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Characteristics Monochromatic, Coherent, Directional, High intensity
Applications Cutting, Welding, Alignment, Medical equipment, Distance measurement
Fibre Optic Sensors
Concept Description Applications
Fibre Optic Temperature, Pressure,
Uses optical fibre to transmit light for sensing.
Sensor Strain
Immune to EMI, Lightweight, Long-distance
Advantages Aerospace, Oil & Gas
transmission
Non-Fibre Optic Sensors
Type Description
Photoelectric Sensor Detects interruption of light beam
Infrared Sensor Uses infrared radiation
Laser Sensor Measures distance accurately
Optical Encoder Measures angular position
Solid State Sensors
Sensor Working Principle Applications
Hall Effect Sensor Magnetic field produces voltage. Speed measurement, Position sensing
