10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
1 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM1 of 16Ga
Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules 1-3
Pharmacokinetics - The process in which medications move through the body
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics? - absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Absorption - happens with drug movement from the GI tract into the bloodstream. Most meds
are taken by mouth.
Oral absorption - Takes awhile to get absorbed because it has to go through the GI system
Usually takes 2-4 hours
•Enteric coated
aspirin - hard on stomach
can not crush pill
•Extended release
absorbed in the small intestine
IM absorption - Absorbed 1-2 hours
IV absorption - Absorbed 30-60 minutes
dissolution - Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks down into particles,
disintegrates, and dissolves to combine with liquid so absorption from the GI tract into the
bloodstream occurs.
Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can interfere with the absorption of
drugs.
Drugs that resist dissolution - Parenteral medications (SL, eyedrops, inhalants, transdermal) do
not pass through the GI tract.
Enteric coated medications are designed to resist disintegration until the pill reaches the small
intestine. EC and sustained release meds should not be crushed.
Factors that affect absorption - •Lack of muscle and increased fat changes medicine absorption
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency (delayed)
•Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
•Antacid changes absorption
•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
Excipients - Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as a pill is not 100% drug.
10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
1 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM1 of 16Ga
,10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
2 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM2 of 16Ga
Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such as with PCN, which is not well
absorbed from the GI tract.
Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will increase the absorption of PCN
first pass effect - •the oral drugs go to liver via portal vein where some of the drug becomes
inactive
•Only happens with oral medications
delayed gastric emptying - Food doesn't move like it should
Distribution - refers to the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues
Factors affecting distribution - -blood flow to tissues
-protein binding
-blood brain barrier
-drug's affinity to the tissue
protein binding - Drugs bind with proteins in blood
Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are weakly protein bound
free drugs - drugs not bound to protein
Drug Toxicity - -Two highly protein bound drugs compete and one might accumulate and cause
a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering highly protein bound medications and monitor
albumin levels in patients with liver or kidney disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin
Furosemide
Diazepam
Drug distribution and albumin - -A decrease in albumin levels decrease the protein-binding sites,
which means more of the free drug is circulated.
-This can be fatal with some meds.
-Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which means they are active in the body and cause
a pharmacologic response.
-Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those with liver or kidney disease have low albumin
levels.
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) - -The BBB protects the brain from most drugs.
-Some meds are able to cross the BBB such as benzodiazepines.
-Drugs can cross the placenta and cause spontaneous abortion or alter fetal growth and
development.
Metabolism - •Chemically changes drug to a form that can be excreted
10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
2 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM2 of 16Ga
,10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
3 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM3 of 16Ga
•Liver primary site
half-life - •the time it takes for the drug in the body to be reduced by half
Loading dose - use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to
reach the critical concentration (therapeutic level) sooner
•Blood thinner
•Antibiotic
Exceretion - the removal of waste products from medications which is done mainly through the
kidneys
Other routes for include lungs, sweat, saliva, and bile
Factors effecting excretion - Disorders in which the blood flow to the kidneys is reduced will
influence drug excretion.
Dehydration, CKD, and glomerulonephritis are examples.
Drug Elimination and Patients with Kidney Disease - Lab tests to determine kidney and renal
function include: Creatinine (0.5-1.1 female, 0.6-1.2 male) BUN (10-20) eGFR (60-90+)
You should be aware of patients kidney function status as this will determine drug dosage.)
Drug Elimination and patients with liver disease - Lab tests to determine liver function include:
ALT (4-36) and AST (0-35)
Onset - time it takes for drug to start working
Peak - highest concentration in blood
duration - length of therapeutic effect
Peak and Trough - •highest (30 minutes after giving) and lowest (right before giving second
dose) amount of drug in blood
Agonist - desired response
Antagonist - undesired response
side effects - Expected
Secondary effects
Can be desirable or undesirable
Report if effects are desirable or not
Adverse Reactions - •Unexpected
•Mild to severe
10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
3 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM3 of 16Ga
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
1 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM1 of 16Ga
Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules 1-3
Pharmacokinetics - The process in which medications move through the body
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics? - absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Absorption - happens with drug movement from the GI tract into the bloodstream. Most meds
are taken by mouth.
Oral absorption - Takes awhile to get absorbed because it has to go through the GI system
Usually takes 2-4 hours
•Enteric coated
aspirin - hard on stomach
can not crush pill
•Extended release
absorbed in the small intestine
IM absorption - Absorbed 1-2 hours
IV absorption - Absorbed 30-60 minutes
dissolution - Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks down into particles,
disintegrates, and dissolves to combine with liquid so absorption from the GI tract into the
bloodstream occurs.
Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can interfere with the absorption of
drugs.
Drugs that resist dissolution - Parenteral medications (SL, eyedrops, inhalants, transdermal) do
not pass through the GI tract.
Enteric coated medications are designed to resist disintegration until the pill reaches the small
intestine. EC and sustained release meds should not be crushed.
Factors that affect absorption - •Lack of muscle and increased fat changes medicine absorption
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency (delayed)
•Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
•Antacid changes absorption
•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
Excipients - Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as a pill is not 100% drug.
10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
1 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM1 of 16Ga
,10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
2 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM2 of 16Ga
Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such as with PCN, which is not well
absorbed from the GI tract.
Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will increase the absorption of PCN
first pass effect - •the oral drugs go to liver via portal vein where some of the drug becomes
inactive
•Only happens with oral medications
delayed gastric emptying - Food doesn't move like it should
Distribution - refers to the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues
Factors affecting distribution - -blood flow to tissues
-protein binding
-blood brain barrier
-drug's affinity to the tissue
protein binding - Drugs bind with proteins in blood
Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are weakly protein bound
free drugs - drugs not bound to protein
Drug Toxicity - -Two highly protein bound drugs compete and one might accumulate and cause
a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering highly protein bound medications and monitor
albumin levels in patients with liver or kidney disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin
Furosemide
Diazepam
Drug distribution and albumin - -A decrease in albumin levels decrease the protein-binding sites,
which means more of the free drug is circulated.
-This can be fatal with some meds.
-Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which means they are active in the body and cause
a pharmacologic response.
-Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those with liver or kidney disease have low albumin
levels.
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) - -The BBB protects the brain from most drugs.
-Some meds are able to cross the BBB such as benzodiazepines.
-Drugs can cross the placenta and cause spontaneous abortion or alter fetal growth and
development.
Metabolism - •Chemically changes drug to a form that can be excreted
10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
2 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM2 of 16Ga
,10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
3 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM3 of 16Ga
•Liver primary site
half-life - •the time it takes for the drug in the body to be reduced by half
Loading dose - use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to
reach the critical concentration (therapeutic level) sooner
•Blood thinner
•Antibiotic
Exceretion - the removal of waste products from medications which is done mainly through the
kidneys
Other routes for include lungs, sweat, saliva, and bile
Factors effecting excretion - Disorders in which the blood flow to the kidneys is reduced will
influence drug excretion.
Dehydration, CKD, and glomerulonephritis are examples.
Drug Elimination and Patients with Kidney Disease - Lab tests to determine kidney and renal
function include: Creatinine (0.5-1.1 female, 0.6-1.2 male) BUN (10-20) eGFR (60-90+)
You should be aware of patients kidney function status as this will determine drug dosage.)
Drug Elimination and patients with liver disease - Lab tests to determine liver function include:
ALT (4-36) and AST (0-35)
Onset - time it takes for drug to start working
Peak - highest concentration in blood
duration - length of therapeutic effect
Peak and Trough - •highest (30 minutes after giving) and lowest (right before giving second
dose) amount of drug in blood
Agonist - desired response
Antagonist - undesired response
side effects - Expected
Secondary effects
Can be desirable or undesirable
Report if effects are desirable or not
Adverse Reactions - •Unexpected
•Mild to severe
10/27/2026,
xam 1 Modules
10/27/2026,
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
4:25:30 AMGalen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules
NUR 210
1-310/27/2026,
Exam 1 Modules
3:41:20
1-3@#&&*#&()&(*&)*$*)($*)*@($*(*@)$(*@$(&(*$$(&*$($2ZOIZHxh-2Page
AM~~~~~~())))))))))))))(@)(*@U*(Galen
3 of 16Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 ModulesNUR
1-3.pdf10/27/2026,
210 Exam 1 Modules
3:41:39
1-3@#&&*#&()
AM3 of 16Ga
