MDC 3 Exam 1 Study Guide Guaranteed Pass

MDC 3 Exam 1 Study Guide Resource | Comprehensive Answer Key What is the 2nd most common malignancy in women and 2nd leading cause of death in women? - answer - Breast cancer How does breast cancer start? - answer - From the epithelial lining of the ducts or the epithelium of the lobules 99% of breast cancers occur in what gender? - answer - women breast cancer is slightly more common in what race of women? - answer - white breast cancer in men is similar across? - answer - all ethnic groups Risk factors for breast cancer? - answer - -post menopause (increasing in age after 60) -Estrogen (HRT: hormone replacement therapy) (post menopause therapy) can be with progesterone or alone. - History or genetics (history of breast, colon, endometrial, &ovarian cancer, or family history of breast cancer) (*Gene BRCA1 or BRCA2 hold a 5-10% genetic risk) -Alcohol -Childbirth after age 30 -Obesity -Smoking -Breast cellular changes: hyperplasia, atypical appearance (increased risk) Breast cancer signs and symptoms - answer - -lump in breast -swelling -skin irritation -dimpling -breast pain -nipple pain -nipple turning inward -redness -scaliness -thickening of the nipple -unusual discharge -lump in the armpit (more rare but can present itself as an orange peel) *Where is the most common location of breast cancer? * - answer - *upper outer quadrant is the most glandular tissue, as a result it is the most common location of a cancer* Breast cancer screening & diagnostics - answer - -history -physical assessment and examination -mammogram (less effective in younger women due to denser breast tissue) -ultrasound -MRI (gives more details than a mammogram or ultrasound) -Biopsy -Labs -Pathology Breast health large breast challenges - answer - -Impaired comfort -Back pain -diffculty finding clothing that fits -expensive bras -fungal infections under breasts -redness, chaffing or rash, under breasts. Breast health small breast challenges - answer - -some choose breast augmentation (important to avoid foods, medications, herbs that increase bleeding before/after surgery) -Can still perform self examination and have mammograms- but may not be as sensitive -*some evidence of increased risk for non Hodgkins lymphoma Not breast cancer* *Breast Cancer Types* - answer - -*In situ* (non-ivasive) breast cancer remains in the mammary *DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situate* duct or lobules -*ILC: invasive lobular carcinoma* *IDC: invasive ductal carcinoma* *Non-invasive or In situ breast cancer is* - answer - *DCIS: ductal carcinoma is situate* *Invasive breast cancer is* - answer - *ILC or IDC* -the cancer grows into the surrounding tissue and can metastasize -most likely cause of skin dimpling or peau'd orange -Aggressive form : itching, rapidly growing lump, breast pain, erythema & edema *Most common invasive cancer* - answer - *IDC: infiltrating ductal carcinoma* *breast cancer treatment* - answer - -Surgery: breast conserving & masectomy -Radiation therapy -Chemotherapy -Hormone therapy breast conserving surgery - answer - removes the entire tumor along with a margin of normal tissue and may include lymph node removal Masectomy - answer - Total or simple usually involves lymph nodes Radiation therapy - answer - directed therapy to the site of the cancer (original tumor) Chemotherapy - answer - (S/E depends on the drugs used, frequency, and dose) -*IV therapy in 2-3 week cycles over 3-6 months* -Regular blood work is needed Most common chemotherapy drugs 2 or 3 of these drugs mixed usually - answer - -Anthracyclines (doxurubicin & epirubicin) -Taxanes (paclitazel & docetaxel) -Cyclophosphadmide -Carboplatin Typical side effects of chemotherapy - answer - -hair loss -nail changes -mouth sores -loss of appetite -N/V -Diarrhea -Increase risk of infection -Easy bruising or bleeding -Fatigue -Menstrual changes and infertility -"Chemo brain" Lower risk side effects of chemotherapy - answer - -heart damage -risk of leukemia