N
NURSING KNOWLEDGE LAB
NR-110 FOUNDATIONS OF
NURSING
FINAL EXAM PRACTICE | VERSION 2 | 2026-2027
A high-yield practice review covering nursing process and clinical judgment, professional role and ethics,
therapeutic communication, safety, infection prevention, assessment, medication safety, mobility, nutrition,
elimination, respiratory care, wounds, teamwork, and transitions of care.
200 4 OPTIONS FULL RATIONALES
original practice items per question correct + distractors
2026-2027 EDITION | VERSION 2
Prepared for independent study and course review. The questions are original, scenario-based practice items; use your current course
materials, instructor guidance, and applicable clinical policies to confirm course-specific expectations.
NURSING KNOWLEDGE LAB | NR-110 FOUNDATIONS STUDY SERIES | 2026-2027 1
,Exam guide and topic blueprint
Use this pack to practice prioritization, patient safety, clinical judgment, communication, and foundational
nursing care. Questions are organized by topic for focused review.
TOPIC AREA QUESTIONS
Nursing process and clinical judgment 1-10
Professional role, ethics, law, and patient rights 11-20
Therapeutic communication and documentation 21-30
Safety, prioritization, and emergency response 31-40
Infection prevention and asepsis 41-50
Vital signs and assessment 51-60
Medication safety 61-70
Mobility, skin integrity, and falls 71-80
Hygiene, sleep, comfort, and pain 81-90
Nutrition, swallowing, and fluids 91-100
Elimination and catheter care 101-110
Oxygenation and respiratory care 111-120
Wounds and dressings 121-130
Specimens, perioperative basics, and laboratory safety 131-140
Delegation and interprofessional teamwork 141-150
Culture, teaching, health literacy, and person-centered care 151-160
Older adults, cognition, and psychosocial care 161-170
Fluids, electrolytes, and metabolic monitoring 171-180
Emergencies and clinical deterioration 181-190
End-of-life care, discharge, quality, and professional improvement 191-200
Instructions
Choose the single best answer for each question. Select the action that best protects the patient and fits the
nurse's role. For clinical scenarios, prioritize immediate threats, use current assessment data, follow authorized
orders and facility protocols, and escalate concerns when indicated. Mark answers on the answer grid at the end
of the exam.
Study note: No practice bank can guarantee a particular exam result. This pack is intended to support review and should be used with
the current syllabus and assigned readings.
NURSING KNOWLEDGE LAB | NR-110 FOUNDATIONS STUDY SERIES | 2026-2027 2
,PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Nursing process and clinical judgment
Question 1. A patient says, "I feel short of breath when I walk to the bathroom." Before selecting
a nursing intervention, what should the nurse do first?
A. Teach energy conservation and end the interaction.
B. Ask the provider to prescribe oxygen before checking the patient.
C. Document an activity-intolerance diagnosis without additional data.
D. Assess respiratory rate, oxygenation, work of breathing, and the circumstances of the symptom.
Question 2. A nurse compares a patient's current pain score and mobility with the goals written
in the care plan after giving an analgesic. Which nursing-process phase is being performed?
A. Nursing diagnosis
B. Assessment
C. Planning
D. Evaluation
Question 3. During assessment, a patient reports nausea, while the nurse observes diaphoresis
and measures a blood pressure of 88/54 mm Hg. Which documentation best distinguishes data
types?
A. Omit diaphoresis because only numerical measurements count as objective data.
B. Record all three findings as subjective because the patient is present.
C. Record nausea as subjective data and diaphoresis and the measured blood pressure as objective data.
D. Record nausea as objective because it is a symptom and blood pressure as subjective.
Question 4. A nurse identifies acute pain related to a surgical incision and develops a goal that
the patient will report pain at or below 3/10 within one hour of intervention. Which feature
makes the goal strongest?
A. It promises that pain will be eliminated for every patient.
B. It uses a vague phrase such as "pain will be better soon."
C. It is patient-centered, measurable, and time-limited.
D. It describes only the nurse's task of giving medication.
Question 5. A patient has new unilateral weakness and slurred speech that began minutes ago.
Which action best reflects appropriate clinical judgment?
A. Wait 30 minutes to see whether the weakness resolves.
B. Finish the scheduled medication pass before calling for help.
C. Ask the family to decide whether emergency assessment is necessary.
D. Activate the facility stroke/emergency response and determine the last-known-well time while maintaining
immediate safety.
Question 6. Which action best demonstrates reassessment after a nursing intervention?
A. Document that the task is complete without describing the patient.
B. Recheck the patient's response using the same relevant measure and compare it with the expected outcome.
C. Repeat the intervention automatically without checking the response.
D. Assume that an intervention worked because it is commonly effective.
NURSING KNOWLEDGE LAB | NR-110 FOUNDATIONS STUDY SERIES | 2026-2027 3
, Question 7. The nurse receives several cues about a patient with vomiting: dry mucous
membranes, dizziness on standing, and reduced urine output. What is the best next reasoning
step after collecting these cues?
A. Ignore urine output because it is less important than the patient's report.
B. Document dehydration as a definitive medical diagnosis within nursing scope.
C. Choose a nursing diagnosis based on only the first cue.
D. Cluster the cues and consider a fluid-volume problem, then validate with further assessment and relevant data.
Question 8. A care plan goal has not been met despite the prescribed interventions. What should
the nurse do?
A. Stop documenting the goal because it was not achieved.
B. Change the goal to match the current result without assessing why it was missed.
C. Reassess the patient, review contributing factors and intervention effectiveness, and revise or escalate the plan as
appropriate.
D. Leave the plan unchanged because it was approved earlier.
Question 9. A student nurse is unsure whether a finding is clinically significant. Which approach
is most appropriate?
A. Use a search result from an unverified social media post.
B. Verify the finding, compare it with baseline and expected ranges, and consult the supervising nurse or trusted
clinical reference.
C. Assume the finding is normal because the student has not seen it before.
D. Ignore it unless the patient explicitly complains.
Question 10. Which statement best describes the relationship between assessment and
implementation?
A. Implementation should always occur before assessment to save time.
B. Assessment is complete once a patient is admitted.
C. Implementation replaces the need to evaluate outcomes.
D. Assessment identifies needs and response cues that guide a safe, individualized intervention.
Professional role, ethics, law, and patient rights
Question 11. A competent adult declines a prescribed medication after the nurse explains its
purpose and important risks. What is the best response?
A. Document only that the medication was unavailable.
B. Threaten to discharge the patient for noncompliance.
C. Respect the refusal, explore the patient's concerns, notify the appropriate clinician as indicated, and document
the discussion and refusal.
D. Administer the medication secretly mixed into food.
Question 12. A visitor asks the nurse for a patient's diagnosis while the patient is asleep. The
patient has not authorized disclosure. What should the nurse do?
A. Share details in the hallway so only the visitor can hear.
B. Protect confidentiality and explain that information can be shared only with authorized people under applicable
policy and law.
C. Provide the diagnosis because the visitor appears concerned.
D. Give the visitor the chart to read independently.
NURSING KNOWLEDGE LAB | NR-110 FOUNDATIONS STUDY SERIES | 2026-2027 4
NURSING KNOWLEDGE LAB
NR-110 FOUNDATIONS OF
NURSING
FINAL EXAM PRACTICE | VERSION 2 | 2026-2027
A high-yield practice review covering nursing process and clinical judgment, professional role and ethics,
therapeutic communication, safety, infection prevention, assessment, medication safety, mobility, nutrition,
elimination, respiratory care, wounds, teamwork, and transitions of care.
200 4 OPTIONS FULL RATIONALES
original practice items per question correct + distractors
2026-2027 EDITION | VERSION 2
Prepared for independent study and course review. The questions are original, scenario-based practice items; use your current course
materials, instructor guidance, and applicable clinical policies to confirm course-specific expectations.
NURSING KNOWLEDGE LAB | NR-110 FOUNDATIONS STUDY SERIES | 2026-2027 1
,Exam guide and topic blueprint
Use this pack to practice prioritization, patient safety, clinical judgment, communication, and foundational
nursing care. Questions are organized by topic for focused review.
TOPIC AREA QUESTIONS
Nursing process and clinical judgment 1-10
Professional role, ethics, law, and patient rights 11-20
Therapeutic communication and documentation 21-30
Safety, prioritization, and emergency response 31-40
Infection prevention and asepsis 41-50
Vital signs and assessment 51-60
Medication safety 61-70
Mobility, skin integrity, and falls 71-80
Hygiene, sleep, comfort, and pain 81-90
Nutrition, swallowing, and fluids 91-100
Elimination and catheter care 101-110
Oxygenation and respiratory care 111-120
Wounds and dressings 121-130
Specimens, perioperative basics, and laboratory safety 131-140
Delegation and interprofessional teamwork 141-150
Culture, teaching, health literacy, and person-centered care 151-160
Older adults, cognition, and psychosocial care 161-170
Fluids, electrolytes, and metabolic monitoring 171-180
Emergencies and clinical deterioration 181-190
End-of-life care, discharge, quality, and professional improvement 191-200
Instructions
Choose the single best answer for each question. Select the action that best protects the patient and fits the
nurse's role. For clinical scenarios, prioritize immediate threats, use current assessment data, follow authorized
orders and facility protocols, and escalate concerns when indicated. Mark answers on the answer grid at the end
of the exam.
Study note: No practice bank can guarantee a particular exam result. This pack is intended to support review and should be used with
the current syllabus and assigned readings.
NURSING KNOWLEDGE LAB | NR-110 FOUNDATIONS STUDY SERIES | 2026-2027 2
,PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Nursing process and clinical judgment
Question 1. A patient says, "I feel short of breath when I walk to the bathroom." Before selecting
a nursing intervention, what should the nurse do first?
A. Teach energy conservation and end the interaction.
B. Ask the provider to prescribe oxygen before checking the patient.
C. Document an activity-intolerance diagnosis without additional data.
D. Assess respiratory rate, oxygenation, work of breathing, and the circumstances of the symptom.
Question 2. A nurse compares a patient's current pain score and mobility with the goals written
in the care plan after giving an analgesic. Which nursing-process phase is being performed?
A. Nursing diagnosis
B. Assessment
C. Planning
D. Evaluation
Question 3. During assessment, a patient reports nausea, while the nurse observes diaphoresis
and measures a blood pressure of 88/54 mm Hg. Which documentation best distinguishes data
types?
A. Omit diaphoresis because only numerical measurements count as objective data.
B. Record all three findings as subjective because the patient is present.
C. Record nausea as subjective data and diaphoresis and the measured blood pressure as objective data.
D. Record nausea as objective because it is a symptom and blood pressure as subjective.
Question 4. A nurse identifies acute pain related to a surgical incision and develops a goal that
the patient will report pain at or below 3/10 within one hour of intervention. Which feature
makes the goal strongest?
A. It promises that pain will be eliminated for every patient.
B. It uses a vague phrase such as "pain will be better soon."
C. It is patient-centered, measurable, and time-limited.
D. It describes only the nurse's task of giving medication.
Question 5. A patient has new unilateral weakness and slurred speech that began minutes ago.
Which action best reflects appropriate clinical judgment?
A. Wait 30 minutes to see whether the weakness resolves.
B. Finish the scheduled medication pass before calling for help.
C. Ask the family to decide whether emergency assessment is necessary.
D. Activate the facility stroke/emergency response and determine the last-known-well time while maintaining
immediate safety.
Question 6. Which action best demonstrates reassessment after a nursing intervention?
A. Document that the task is complete without describing the patient.
B. Recheck the patient's response using the same relevant measure and compare it with the expected outcome.
C. Repeat the intervention automatically without checking the response.
D. Assume that an intervention worked because it is commonly effective.
NURSING KNOWLEDGE LAB | NR-110 FOUNDATIONS STUDY SERIES | 2026-2027 3
, Question 7. The nurse receives several cues about a patient with vomiting: dry mucous
membranes, dizziness on standing, and reduced urine output. What is the best next reasoning
step after collecting these cues?
A. Ignore urine output because it is less important than the patient's report.
B. Document dehydration as a definitive medical diagnosis within nursing scope.
C. Choose a nursing diagnosis based on only the first cue.
D. Cluster the cues and consider a fluid-volume problem, then validate with further assessment and relevant data.
Question 8. A care plan goal has not been met despite the prescribed interventions. What should
the nurse do?
A. Stop documenting the goal because it was not achieved.
B. Change the goal to match the current result without assessing why it was missed.
C. Reassess the patient, review contributing factors and intervention effectiveness, and revise or escalate the plan as
appropriate.
D. Leave the plan unchanged because it was approved earlier.
Question 9. A student nurse is unsure whether a finding is clinically significant. Which approach
is most appropriate?
A. Use a search result from an unverified social media post.
B. Verify the finding, compare it with baseline and expected ranges, and consult the supervising nurse or trusted
clinical reference.
C. Assume the finding is normal because the student has not seen it before.
D. Ignore it unless the patient explicitly complains.
Question 10. Which statement best describes the relationship between assessment and
implementation?
A. Implementation should always occur before assessment to save time.
B. Assessment is complete once a patient is admitted.
C. Implementation replaces the need to evaluate outcomes.
D. Assessment identifies needs and response cues that guide a safe, individualized intervention.
Professional role, ethics, law, and patient rights
Question 11. A competent adult declines a prescribed medication after the nurse explains its
purpose and important risks. What is the best response?
A. Document only that the medication was unavailable.
B. Threaten to discharge the patient for noncompliance.
C. Respect the refusal, explore the patient's concerns, notify the appropriate clinician as indicated, and document
the discussion and refusal.
D. Administer the medication secretly mixed into food.
Question 12. A visitor asks the nurse for a patient's diagnosis while the patient is asleep. The
patient has not authorized disclosure. What should the nurse do?
A. Share details in the hallway so only the visitor can hear.
B. Protect confidentiality and explain that information can be shared only with authorized people under applicable
policy and law.
C. Provide the diagnosis because the visitor appears concerned.
D. Give the visitor the chart to read independently.
NURSING KNOWLEDGE LAB | NR-110 FOUNDATIONS STUDY SERIES | 2026-2027 4
