NU-208 Pathophysiology Final Exam Latest Study Guide

NU-208 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide OLD MATERIAL!! ● What is included in the cytoplasmic content and what is the function of each?: ○ Cytoplasms are found in Eukaryotic cells ○ Cytoplasms consist of cytoplasmic matrix, cytosol, and cytoplasmic organelles ○ Cytoplasmic matrix - the space between nucleus and plasma membrane ○ Cytosol - an aqueous solution that fills the cytoplasmic matrix ○ Cytoplasmic organelles - ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, caveolae, and vaults ■ Chapter 1, Table 1-1 lists all of these organelles and their functions ● Aerobic glycolysis: *** ○ Requires oxygen ○ Gives more energy ● Anaerobic glycolysis: *** ○ Also known as substrate phosphorylation ○ Does not require oxygen ○ Breakdown/glycolysis of carbohydrates to pyruvate ○ Occurs in the cytoplasm ○ Not as effective as aerobic ● Klinefelter Syndrome: *** ○ Also known as XXY Syndrome ○ Males are born with an extra X chromosome ○ Has both male and female sex organs ○ Characteristics: ■ Male appearance, developed female-like breasts, small testes, sparse body hair, and long limbs