NR 507 Final Exam – Advanced Pathophysiology –
(2026/2027) Actual Questions & Answers
(Chamberlain) 100% Guarantee Pass 10th Edition
A patient with chronic GERD develops Barrett's esophagus. Which cellular
adaptation does this represent?
Answer: Metaplasia.
Rationale: Chronic acid irritation causes the normal squamous epithelium to be
replaced by columnar epithelium with goblet cells—a reversible substitution of
one mature cell type for another.
A brain infarct due to cardiac arrest results in which type of necrosis?
Answer: Liquefactive necrosis.
Rationale: Brain tissue lacks structural support, so ischemic death leads to
enzymatic digestion and liquefaction, unlike coagulative necrosis in the heart or
kidney.
A 30-pack-year smoker's bronchial biopsy shows disordered growth with nuclear
atypia. This is best described as:
Answer: Dysplasia.
Rationale: Dysplasia involves disordered, premalignant growth with nuclear atypia
and loss of normal maturation, distinct from metaplasia (uniform substitution).
Carbon monoxide poisoning causes cellular injury primarily by:
Answer: Hypoxic injury due to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
Rationale: CO binds hemoglobin with ~200× the affinity of oxygen, drastically
reducing oxygen delivery and causing mitochondrial swelling.
, The key feature distinguishing apoptosis from necrosis is:
Answer: Absence of inflammation.
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed, energy-dependent cell death without
membrane rupture or inflammatory mediator release; necrosis triggers
inflammation.
Genetics
Two carrier parents of an autosomal recessive disorder have what risk of an
affected child?
Answer: 25%.
A patient with Marfan syndrome has a defect in fibrillin-1. This is an example of:
Answer: A single-gene disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance.
Which tumor suppressor gene is most commonly mutated in human cancers?
Answer: TP53.
Rationale: p53 halts the cell cycle for DNA repair or triggers apoptosis; loss of
function is a key carcinogenesis step.
Inflammation and Immunity
A patient develops hives and wheezing within minutes of eating shellfish. Which
hypersensitivity type is this?
Answer: Type I (IgE-mediated).
(2026/2027) Actual Questions & Answers
(Chamberlain) 100% Guarantee Pass 10th Edition
A patient with chronic GERD develops Barrett's esophagus. Which cellular
adaptation does this represent?
Answer: Metaplasia.
Rationale: Chronic acid irritation causes the normal squamous epithelium to be
replaced by columnar epithelium with goblet cells—a reversible substitution of
one mature cell type for another.
A brain infarct due to cardiac arrest results in which type of necrosis?
Answer: Liquefactive necrosis.
Rationale: Brain tissue lacks structural support, so ischemic death leads to
enzymatic digestion and liquefaction, unlike coagulative necrosis in the heart or
kidney.
A 30-pack-year smoker's bronchial biopsy shows disordered growth with nuclear
atypia. This is best described as:
Answer: Dysplasia.
Rationale: Dysplasia involves disordered, premalignant growth with nuclear atypia
and loss of normal maturation, distinct from metaplasia (uniform substitution).
Carbon monoxide poisoning causes cellular injury primarily by:
Answer: Hypoxic injury due to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
Rationale: CO binds hemoglobin with ~200× the affinity of oxygen, drastically
reducing oxygen delivery and causing mitochondrial swelling.
, The key feature distinguishing apoptosis from necrosis is:
Answer: Absence of inflammation.
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed, energy-dependent cell death without
membrane rupture or inflammatory mediator release; necrosis triggers
inflammation.
Genetics
Two carrier parents of an autosomal recessive disorder have what risk of an
affected child?
Answer: 25%.
A patient with Marfan syndrome has a defect in fibrillin-1. This is an example of:
Answer: A single-gene disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance.
Which tumor suppressor gene is most commonly mutated in human cancers?
Answer: TP53.
Rationale: p53 halts the cell cycle for DNA repair or triggers apoptosis; loss of
function is a key carcinogenesis step.
Inflammation and Immunity
A patient develops hives and wheezing within minutes of eating shellfish. Which
hypersensitivity type is this?
Answer: Type I (IgE-mediated).
