NSG 530 Advanced
Pathophysiology2026 rated grade
A+
Genome Structure, Regulation, & Tissue Differentiation * - ----------correct
answer--------- *Chapter 6: Genetic and Developmental Disorders* - ----------
correct answer--------- *Chapter 7: Neoplasia* - ----------correct answer---------
*Chapter 8: Infectious Process & 9: Inflammation and Immunity* - ----------
correct answer--------- *Chapter 10: Alterations in Immune Function* - ----------
correct answer--------- *Chapter 11: Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells*
- ----------correct answer--------- *Chapter 12: HIV Disease and AIDS* - ----------
correct answer--------- Active Immunity - ----------correct answer---------A
protected state owing to the body's immune response as a result of active
infection or immunization Requires memory B cells Second exposure: quicker
response Immunizations Vaccines contain altered microorganisms or toxins;
retain ability to stimulate immune system (antigenic properties); do not have
pathogenic properties; do not cause harm to the host Vaccines contain: live
and attenuated (altered) agents or killed infectious agents Acute Leukemia - --
--------correct answer---------Typically present with pancytopenia, or a
decrease in the counts of all of the normal blood cells, including the normal
white cells (the leukemic cells accounting for almost all of the high total
WBCs), red blood cells, and platelets. This is caused by the crowding out of
normal precursors in the bone marrow by the abnormally dividing blast cells,
and by the inhibition of normal hematopoiesis due to secretion of cytokines
and inhibitory substances. The patient's presenting symptoms are directly
related to the blood abnormalities. The fatigue and pallor are due to the
anemia (lack of red blood cells) and the resulting reduced oxygen-carrying
capacity. The petechiae and bleeding are from the lack of platelets, inhibiting
the ability of the blood to clot. Patients with leukemia are susceptible to
serious infections due to the lack of normal WBCs. Finally, the markedly
elevated numbers of leukemic cells can clog small blood vessels and result in
strokes, retinal vein occlusion, and pulmonary infarction. Acute Lymphoid
Leukemia - ----------correct answer---------Pathogenesis and Clinical
Manifestations -80% of cases are adults; median age 64 years -Malignant
disorder of lymphoid cell lineage 80% result of malignant transformation of B
cells; 20% involve T cells -Bone marrow aspirate must have >20% blasts -
Presentation very similar to ALL; difficult to tell apart by only clinical findings -
Bone pain, anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased infection susceptibility -
Common infection sites: skin, GI, GU, and respiratory tracts -Abnormal cells
are lymphoblasts: they look like immature lymphocytes Adaptation - ----------
correct answer---------Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in
response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin Coping:
behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping
mechanisms Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably Adaptive
Immune System - ----------correct answer---------A type of specific immunity
, capable of -Recognizing foreign invaders -Destroying foreign invaders -
Retaining memory of the encounter This allows for more effective defense
(adaptive) to be achieved after subsequent exposure Must differentiate self
and nonself Allogeneic - ----------correct answer---------Bone marrow transplant
that is from the patients closely related relative Allostatic Overload - ----------
correct answer---------"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or
ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the
body Anemia Common Clinical Manifestations - ----------correct answer---------
Pallor Fatigue Malaise Shortness of breath Decreased activity tolerance
Arousal - ----------correct answer---------Includes alterations in responsiveness
to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to
changes in motor activity Atrophy - ----------correct answer---------Cells shrink
and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious
factors -General causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, interruption of
endocrine signals, persistent cell injury -Results from decreased functional
demand or chronic ischemia Results from decreased functional demand or
chronic ischemia Autocrine Communcation - ----------correct answer---------
Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell Feedback
to self Autologous - ----------correct answer---------Bone marrow transplant that
is from the patients own stem cells Autosomal Dominant Disorders - ----------
correct answer---------Due to mutation of a specific autosomal gene
Males/females equally affected Usually 1 affected parent Unaffected
individuals do not transmit disease Offspring of 1 affected parent with
unaffected mate: 1 in 2 chance of inheritance Offspring of 2 affected parents:
3 in 4 chance Autosomal Recessive Disorders - ----------correct answer---------
Mutation of autosomal recessive gene Males/females equally affected Usually
not apparent in affected individual's parents; both parents carriers of mutant
recessive gene Unaffected individuals may transmit to offspring -Two carriers
have 1 in 4 chance of having affected offspring and 2 in 4 chance of having
carrier offspring Often associated with consanguinity, the mating of family
members (familial aspect of two carriers having same recessive gene) Often
involve abnormal enzymatic functions B-lymphocytes - ----------correct answer-
--------Responsible for specific adaptive immunity Remain in bone marrow
during maturation Humoral immunity Must differentiate self/nonself Two major
types of cells --> memory & plasma Basophils - ----------correct answer---------
Precusors to mast cells Granulocytes characterized by granules that stain
blue with basophilic dyes Structurally similar to mast cells Mature basophils
circulate in vascular system (can migrate to connective tissue, but don't
reenter bloodstream) Found in connective tissue Bind and display IgE
antibodies on their surface bcr-abl - ----------correct answer---------In CML this
encodes a kinase that phosphorylates key proteins involved in cell growth. A
therapeutic agent, imatinib mesylate, blocks the bcr-abl kinase by competing
with the ATP binding site and can induce remissions in patients suffering from
CML. Benign Cancer - ----------correct answer---------Does not have potential
to kill host, but may be life-threatening because of its location Does not invade
adjacent tissue or spread to distant sites Can be easily cued BRCA1 BRCA2 -
----------correct answer---------Tumor suppressor genes Associated with breast
cancer Family history and inherited defect in BRCA1 increases risk of breast
and ovarian cancer Cancer - ----------correct answer---------aka- Neoplasia
Abnormality of cellular growth/tumor Associated with altered expression of
Pathophysiology2026 rated grade
A+
Genome Structure, Regulation, & Tissue Differentiation * - ----------correct
answer--------- *Chapter 6: Genetic and Developmental Disorders* - ----------
correct answer--------- *Chapter 7: Neoplasia* - ----------correct answer---------
*Chapter 8: Infectious Process & 9: Inflammation and Immunity* - ----------
correct answer--------- *Chapter 10: Alterations in Immune Function* - ----------
correct answer--------- *Chapter 11: Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells*
- ----------correct answer--------- *Chapter 12: HIV Disease and AIDS* - ----------
correct answer--------- Active Immunity - ----------correct answer---------A
protected state owing to the body's immune response as a result of active
infection or immunization Requires memory B cells Second exposure: quicker
response Immunizations Vaccines contain altered microorganisms or toxins;
retain ability to stimulate immune system (antigenic properties); do not have
pathogenic properties; do not cause harm to the host Vaccines contain: live
and attenuated (altered) agents or killed infectious agents Acute Leukemia - --
--------correct answer---------Typically present with pancytopenia, or a
decrease in the counts of all of the normal blood cells, including the normal
white cells (the leukemic cells accounting for almost all of the high total
WBCs), red blood cells, and platelets. This is caused by the crowding out of
normal precursors in the bone marrow by the abnormally dividing blast cells,
and by the inhibition of normal hematopoiesis due to secretion of cytokines
and inhibitory substances. The patient's presenting symptoms are directly
related to the blood abnormalities. The fatigue and pallor are due to the
anemia (lack of red blood cells) and the resulting reduced oxygen-carrying
capacity. The petechiae and bleeding are from the lack of platelets, inhibiting
the ability of the blood to clot. Patients with leukemia are susceptible to
serious infections due to the lack of normal WBCs. Finally, the markedly
elevated numbers of leukemic cells can clog small blood vessels and result in
strokes, retinal vein occlusion, and pulmonary infarction. Acute Lymphoid
Leukemia - ----------correct answer---------Pathogenesis and Clinical
Manifestations -80% of cases are adults; median age 64 years -Malignant
disorder of lymphoid cell lineage 80% result of malignant transformation of B
cells; 20% involve T cells -Bone marrow aspirate must have >20% blasts -
Presentation very similar to ALL; difficult to tell apart by only clinical findings -
Bone pain, anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased infection susceptibility -
Common infection sites: skin, GI, GU, and respiratory tracts -Abnormal cells
are lymphoblasts: they look like immature lymphocytes Adaptation - ----------
correct answer---------Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in
response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin Coping:
behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping
mechanisms Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably Adaptive
Immune System - ----------correct answer---------A type of specific immunity
, capable of -Recognizing foreign invaders -Destroying foreign invaders -
Retaining memory of the encounter This allows for more effective defense
(adaptive) to be achieved after subsequent exposure Must differentiate self
and nonself Allogeneic - ----------correct answer---------Bone marrow transplant
that is from the patients closely related relative Allostatic Overload - ----------
correct answer---------"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or
ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the
body Anemia Common Clinical Manifestations - ----------correct answer---------
Pallor Fatigue Malaise Shortness of breath Decreased activity tolerance
Arousal - ----------correct answer---------Includes alterations in responsiveness
to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to
changes in motor activity Atrophy - ----------correct answer---------Cells shrink
and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious
factors -General causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, interruption of
endocrine signals, persistent cell injury -Results from decreased functional
demand or chronic ischemia Results from decreased functional demand or
chronic ischemia Autocrine Communcation - ----------correct answer---------
Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell Feedback
to self Autologous - ----------correct answer---------Bone marrow transplant that
is from the patients own stem cells Autosomal Dominant Disorders - ----------
correct answer---------Due to mutation of a specific autosomal gene
Males/females equally affected Usually 1 affected parent Unaffected
individuals do not transmit disease Offspring of 1 affected parent with
unaffected mate: 1 in 2 chance of inheritance Offspring of 2 affected parents:
3 in 4 chance Autosomal Recessive Disorders - ----------correct answer---------
Mutation of autosomal recessive gene Males/females equally affected Usually
not apparent in affected individual's parents; both parents carriers of mutant
recessive gene Unaffected individuals may transmit to offspring -Two carriers
have 1 in 4 chance of having affected offspring and 2 in 4 chance of having
carrier offspring Often associated with consanguinity, the mating of family
members (familial aspect of two carriers having same recessive gene) Often
involve abnormal enzymatic functions B-lymphocytes - ----------correct answer-
--------Responsible for specific adaptive immunity Remain in bone marrow
during maturation Humoral immunity Must differentiate self/nonself Two major
types of cells --> memory & plasma Basophils - ----------correct answer---------
Precusors to mast cells Granulocytes characterized by granules that stain
blue with basophilic dyes Structurally similar to mast cells Mature basophils
circulate in vascular system (can migrate to connective tissue, but don't
reenter bloodstream) Found in connective tissue Bind and display IgE
antibodies on their surface bcr-abl - ----------correct answer---------In CML this
encodes a kinase that phosphorylates key proteins involved in cell growth. A
therapeutic agent, imatinib mesylate, blocks the bcr-abl kinase by competing
with the ATP binding site and can induce remissions in patients suffering from
CML. Benign Cancer - ----------correct answer---------Does not have potential
to kill host, but may be life-threatening because of its location Does not invade
adjacent tissue or spread to distant sites Can be easily cued BRCA1 BRCA2 -
----------correct answer---------Tumor suppressor genes Associated with breast
cancer Family history and inherited defect in BRCA1 increases risk of breast
and ovarian cancer Cancer - ----------correct answer---------aka- Neoplasia
Abnormality of cellular growth/tumor Associated with altered expression of
