SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide.

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PathophysiologyExam1 StudyGuide: ‘/ ‘/ ‘ / ‘/




Chapter1:ConceptsofHealthandDisease ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




KNOWTHIS: ‘/




- **Pathophysiology: isthestudyofthebody'sresponsetodysfunctionordisease; ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




“physiology ofaltered health” ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




o Example: Pathophysiologyis the mechanism ofhigh blood pressure ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




Aspects oftheDisease Process: ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- *Etiology:isthecausesofdisease ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- *Pathogenesis: explains howthe diseaseprocess evolves —itis the sequence ofevents that ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




takeplacefromtimeofcontactwithetiologic agentuntil theexpressionofthedisease
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- *Morphologicchanges: referstobothgrossanatomicandmicroscopicchangesthatare ‘/ ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




characteristicofdisease
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- ClinicalManifestations:canbeobviousorsilent-forexampleanillnesscancausefever ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




thatmakesitevidentapersonissick,ortheremaybenosymptomsanddiseaseis not
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discovereduntilitisadvanced(manycancers)
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- Diagnosis: is the designation ofthe cause ofthe health problem ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- ClinicalCourse: describes theevolutionofadisease, itmaybeacuteorchronic ‘/ ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




DiseaseDiagnosisandPredictiveFactors
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KNOWTHIS: ‘/




*Sensitivity: measures the proportion ofpositive test results out ofall truly positive samples;
‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




(called a True Positive Result). A test's sensitivity provides you with the percentage chance it will
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correctlyidentifyapersonwhohas thediseaseandtestpositiveonthetest
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- Sensitivityevaluates howgoodatestis atdetectingpositivedisease ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Example:atestwith90%sensitivitywillcorrectlyreturnapositiveresultfor90%ofpeople ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




who havethe diseasebutwill returnanegative (** falsenegative**) for10%ofpeople who
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have the disease andshouldhave testedpositive
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- Test with 90%sensitive, it will correctlyreturnapositive result for90%ofpeople who have
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thedisease
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- Willreturnanegative, orfalsenegative, for10%ofthepeople
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Specificity: measuresthetruenegativerate; (atrueNegativeResult). Atest'sspecificityprovides
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youwiththe percentage chance it will correctlyidentifyapersonwho does nothave the disease
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Specificitycanbecalculatedonlyfromamongpeoplewhodonothavethedisease ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




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- Example:atestwith90%specificitywillcorrectlyreturnanegativeresultfor90%ofpeople
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




who don't have the disease but will return a 10% (**false positive**) result forpeople who
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




don'thave the disease andshouldhave testednegative
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- False positive results are unduly stressful, and False Negative tests can delay diagnosis and
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jeopardize the outcome oftreatment
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




KNOWTHIS: ‘/




- *Atestthathas high sensitivity, will havelowerspecificity
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o Anexampleofwhereyou wantto knowthesensitivityandspecificityis a ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




pregnancytest ‘/




Epidemiology


Epidemiology:thestudyof'factorsaffectingthehealthandillnessofpopulations;studyofdisease
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




occurrenceinhumanpopulations,looks forpatternsandfactors inparticulardisorderand disease
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Studyriskfactors formultifactorial diseasesuchas heartdiseaseandcancerin
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




populations
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- “Whethersomethinghappens”ratherthanhow ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Epidemiologic studies serveas abasis forclinical decisionmaking, allocationof ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




healthcaredollars,anddevelopmentofpublichealthpolicies
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




Sources ofInformationforEpidemiologists:
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




*KNOWTHIS: Knowthedifference betweenmorbidityandmortality
‘/ ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Morbidity: describestheeffectsanillnesshasonaperson'slife ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




o Concernedwithincidence,persistence, andlong-termconsequences ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




o *Significantimpactonaperson's life; longtermconsequences ofdisease ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




o Ex:Arthritishas alowdeathrate buthas asignificantimpactonaperson'slife ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Mortality: pertains tothecauses ofdeathinagivenpopulation ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




o Staticstocalculate leadingcauses ofdeath ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/

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ThreeLevels ofDiseasePrevention:
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




*KNOWTHIS: Knowthedifference between thethree ‘/ ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Primary:removingriskfactorssodiseasedoesnotoccur ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




o Nodiseasepresent ‘/ ‘/




o Ex: folicacidtoprenatal/pregnantwomen, counselingpeoplehowtoadopt ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




healthylifestyle, immunizations ‘/ ‘/




- Secondary: earlydetectionandtreatmentwhendiseaseis still curable ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




o Asymptomatic
o Ex:Papersmear, historytaking, PE, labs, colonoscopy ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Tertiary: preventingfurtherdeteriorationorreducingcomplicationofdisease ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




o Clinicalcourse/intervention ‘/




o Ex: antibioticuse, b-adrenergic drugs todecrease deathinMI, provisionforeye, ‘ / ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




foot,andcardioexamsinpeoplewithDM ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




Evidence-BasedPractice:theconscientious,explicit, andjudicioususeofcurrentbestevidencein ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




makingdecisionsaboutthecareofindividualpatients
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- MUSTbe basedoncurrent evidence ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




Crosssectionalstudies:canbeusedtocomparetheprevalenceofadiseaseinthosewithaspecific
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




factorwiththeprevalenceofadiseaseinthose whoareunexposed
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Example: Heartdiseaseinsmokersvs. nonsmokers ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




Casecontrolstudies: comparingtwo groups—thosewithadiseaseorcondition(cases) andavery
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similargroupofpeoplewhodonothavethediseaseorcondition(controls)
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Exampleisthecharacteristics ofmaternalalcohol consumptionininfants bornwithFAS ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




(cases) canbecomparedwiththoseininfants bornwithoutthesyndrome(controls)
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




- Anotherexamplewouldbelifeguardswhodevelopedfacialskincancers (cases) ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




comparedtolifeguardswhodidnotdevelopfacialskincancers(control)
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




Cohortstudies(alsoknownasLongitudinalstudies): arefollowedoveraperiodoftimetoobserve
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specific outcome
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- Maybeasinglegrouportwogroupsspecificallyselectedwhereonegrouphasbeen
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exposedandtheotherhas not, orasingle exposedgroupinwhichtheresults are
‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/ ‘/




comparedwiththegeneralpopulation
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