S NURS 190 Final Exam Study Guide West Coast University
Actual Exam 2026/2027 – Complete Assessment with
Detailed Rationales | 100% Verified | Pass Guaranteed – A+
Graded
Section A: Nursing Foundations, Theory & Professional Practice (Q1–Q10)
Q1: A nursing student is preparing a presentation on the origins of professional nursing.
Which theorist is credited as the founder of modern nursing, whose environmental
theory emphasized sanitation, clean water, and ventilation while dramatically reducing
mortality during the Crimean War?
A. Clara Barton
B. Florence Nightingale [CORRECT]
C. Dorothea Dix
D. Lillian Wald
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Florence Nightingale is the founder of modern nursing, and her Environmental
Theory linked sanitation, ventilation, clean water, and light to patient outcomes during
the Crimean War. Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross, Dorothea Dix reformed
mental health care, and Lillian Wald pioneered public health and community nursing.
Q2: Which nursing theorist defined nursing as assisting the individual, sick or well, in
performing activities contributing to health, recovery, or a peaceful death — activities the
person would perform unaided if they had the strength, will, or knowledge?
A. Sister Callista Roy
B. Jean Watson
C. Virginia Henderson [CORRECT]
D. Dorothea Orem
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Virginia Henderson's definition of nursing and her 14 fundamental needs
center on assisting patients toward independence in activities of daily living. Roy
emphasized adaptation to stimuli, Watson emphasized transpersonal caring, and Orem
focused on self-care deficits — none match Henderson's definition.
Q3: A patient recovering from a stroke has left-sided hemiparesis but tells the nurse, "I
want to do as much for myself as possible." The nurse structures care to support the
patient's own self-care abilities while assisting only with deficits. Which theorist's work
is guiding this care?
,A. Sister Callista Roy
B. Florence Nightingale
C. Hildegard Peplau
D. Dorothea Orem [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory directs the nurse to support patients in
performing their own self-care, intervening only where deficits exist. Roy emphasizes
adaptation, Nightingale environmental modification, and Peplau interpersonal
relationships — none specifically address self-care deficits.
Q4: Using Roy's Adaptation Model, the nurse identifies that a patient with a new
colostomy has a disturbed body image. Within which adaptation mode is this nursing
concern classified?
A. Physiologic mode
B. Role function mode
C. Self-concept mode [CORRECT]
D. Interdependence mode
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In Roy's Adaptation Model, body image, identity, and personal beliefs fall
under the self-concept mode. The physiologic mode involves oxygenation, nutrition, and
elimination; role function involves social roles; and interdependence involves
relationships and support systems.
Q5: A nurse administers ibuprofen to a postoperative patient for incisional pain and
returns 45 minutes later to determine whether the patient's pain rating has decreased.
Which step of the nursing process (ADPIE) is the nurse performing?
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Evaluation determines whether interventions achieved the expected
outcomes, such as reassessing pain after administering an analgesic. Assessment
collects data, implementation carries out the plan, and planning establishes goals —
measuring the response is evaluation.
Q6: A nurse documents: "Ineffective airway clearance related to thick pulmonary
secretions as evidenced by coarse crackles and a productive cough." This statement is
an example of which phase of the nursing process?
A. Assessment
, B. Nursing diagnosis [CORRECT]
C. Planning
D. Evaluation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A nursing diagnosis states the patient problem, the related factor, and the
defining characteristics ("as evidenced by"), which reflects the diagnostic phase.
Assessment is data collection, planning sets measurable outcomes, and evaluation
measures goal achievement.
Q7: An experienced nurse walks into a room and, before touching the patient, senses
that "something is just not right" based on subtle changes in the patient's color and
restlessness. According to Tanner's Clinical Judgment Model, this phase of clinical
judgment is called:
A. Noticing [CORRECT]
B. Interpreting
C. Responding
D. Reflecting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In Tanner's model, noticing is the initial recognition that something is wrong
or has changed, often an intuitive grasp grounded in experience. Interpreting attaches
meaning to cues, responding selects an intervention, and reflecting reviews the
outcome of actions taken.
Q8: A nurse observes that a 78-year-old patient with new-onset confusion has dark,
concentrated urine and a dry, fissured tongue, and concludes the patient is likely
dehydrated. Assigning meaning to these cues occurs in which phase of Tanner's Clinical
Judgment Model?
A. Noticing
B. Responding
C. Interpreting [CORRECT]
D. Reflecting-in-action
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Interpreting is the phase in which the nurse analyzes and attaches meaning
to observed cues — here, linking confusion, concentrated urine, and dry mucous
membranes to dehydration. Noticing is the initial awareness, responding is the action
taken, and reflecting occurs after the response.
Q9: A nurse uses current research findings, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to
select a pressure-injury prevention protocol. Which QSEN competency does this
practice best demonstrate?
Actual Exam 2026/2027 – Complete Assessment with
Detailed Rationales | 100% Verified | Pass Guaranteed – A+
Graded
Section A: Nursing Foundations, Theory & Professional Practice (Q1–Q10)
Q1: A nursing student is preparing a presentation on the origins of professional nursing.
Which theorist is credited as the founder of modern nursing, whose environmental
theory emphasized sanitation, clean water, and ventilation while dramatically reducing
mortality during the Crimean War?
A. Clara Barton
B. Florence Nightingale [CORRECT]
C. Dorothea Dix
D. Lillian Wald
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Florence Nightingale is the founder of modern nursing, and her Environmental
Theory linked sanitation, ventilation, clean water, and light to patient outcomes during
the Crimean War. Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross, Dorothea Dix reformed
mental health care, and Lillian Wald pioneered public health and community nursing.
Q2: Which nursing theorist defined nursing as assisting the individual, sick or well, in
performing activities contributing to health, recovery, or a peaceful death — activities the
person would perform unaided if they had the strength, will, or knowledge?
A. Sister Callista Roy
B. Jean Watson
C. Virginia Henderson [CORRECT]
D. Dorothea Orem
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Virginia Henderson's definition of nursing and her 14 fundamental needs
center on assisting patients toward independence in activities of daily living. Roy
emphasized adaptation to stimuli, Watson emphasized transpersonal caring, and Orem
focused on self-care deficits — none match Henderson's definition.
Q3: A patient recovering from a stroke has left-sided hemiparesis but tells the nurse, "I
want to do as much for myself as possible." The nurse structures care to support the
patient's own self-care abilities while assisting only with deficits. Which theorist's work
is guiding this care?
,A. Sister Callista Roy
B. Florence Nightingale
C. Hildegard Peplau
D. Dorothea Orem [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory directs the nurse to support patients in
performing their own self-care, intervening only where deficits exist. Roy emphasizes
adaptation, Nightingale environmental modification, and Peplau interpersonal
relationships — none specifically address self-care deficits.
Q4: Using Roy's Adaptation Model, the nurse identifies that a patient with a new
colostomy has a disturbed body image. Within which adaptation mode is this nursing
concern classified?
A. Physiologic mode
B. Role function mode
C. Self-concept mode [CORRECT]
D. Interdependence mode
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In Roy's Adaptation Model, body image, identity, and personal beliefs fall
under the self-concept mode. The physiologic mode involves oxygenation, nutrition, and
elimination; role function involves social roles; and interdependence involves
relationships and support systems.
Q5: A nurse administers ibuprofen to a postoperative patient for incisional pain and
returns 45 minutes later to determine whether the patient's pain rating has decreased.
Which step of the nursing process (ADPIE) is the nurse performing?
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Evaluation determines whether interventions achieved the expected
outcomes, such as reassessing pain after administering an analgesic. Assessment
collects data, implementation carries out the plan, and planning establishes goals —
measuring the response is evaluation.
Q6: A nurse documents: "Ineffective airway clearance related to thick pulmonary
secretions as evidenced by coarse crackles and a productive cough." This statement is
an example of which phase of the nursing process?
A. Assessment
, B. Nursing diagnosis [CORRECT]
C. Planning
D. Evaluation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A nursing diagnosis states the patient problem, the related factor, and the
defining characteristics ("as evidenced by"), which reflects the diagnostic phase.
Assessment is data collection, planning sets measurable outcomes, and evaluation
measures goal achievement.
Q7: An experienced nurse walks into a room and, before touching the patient, senses
that "something is just not right" based on subtle changes in the patient's color and
restlessness. According to Tanner's Clinical Judgment Model, this phase of clinical
judgment is called:
A. Noticing [CORRECT]
B. Interpreting
C. Responding
D. Reflecting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In Tanner's model, noticing is the initial recognition that something is wrong
or has changed, often an intuitive grasp grounded in experience. Interpreting attaches
meaning to cues, responding selects an intervention, and reflecting reviews the
outcome of actions taken.
Q8: A nurse observes that a 78-year-old patient with new-onset confusion has dark,
concentrated urine and a dry, fissured tongue, and concludes the patient is likely
dehydrated. Assigning meaning to these cues occurs in which phase of Tanner's Clinical
Judgment Model?
A. Noticing
B. Responding
C. Interpreting [CORRECT]
D. Reflecting-in-action
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Interpreting is the phase in which the nurse analyzes and attaches meaning
to observed cues — here, linking confusion, concentrated urine, and dry mucous
membranes to dehydration. Noticing is the initial awareness, responding is the action
taken, and reflecting occurs after the response.
Q9: A nurse uses current research findings, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to
select a pressure-injury prevention protocol. Which QSEN competency does this
practice best demonstrate?
