AP2 BIOL2302 Prof. James Lecture Unit 1 Questions With
Complete Solutions
Procoagulants
- Promotes coagulation
- Examples: Clotting factors, prothrombin activator,
prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin
- Balanced with anticoagulants
Clot Retraction
- Starts about 1 hour after formation of a clot and continues for
hours (depending on size of the clot)
- Platelets (in the fibrin mesh) contain actin and myosin proteins
that contract to close up the tear and retract the clot
- Platelets also release growth factors to speed up vessel
growth/repair
Fibrinolysis
- The breakdown of fibrin for tissue repair to begin
- Process starts about 2 days after a clot is formed
- Plasminogen (inactive plasmin) accumulates in the clot as it
forms
- Nearby endothelial cells release Tissue Plasminogen Activator
- Plasmin (a protein-digesting enzyme) dissolves the fibrin mesh
- Process is gradual to avoid creating an embolus
,tPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator)
- Activates plasminogen to become plasmin
- Released from endothelial cells
- There's a man-made tPA given for ischemic stroke or heart
attack to quickly dissolve a clot
Endothelial Cells
- Cells that make up the inner lining of blood vessels
(endothelium)
- They release tPA
Anticoagulants (natural)
- Against coagulation
- Balanced with procoagulants
Natural anticoagulants:
1. Smooth vessel walls and positive charge of the endothelium
- Keeps platelets from sticking unnecessarily
2. Blood flow dilutes procoagulants
3. Anticoagulant chemicals in the blood
Heparin (medication)
- Fast-acting anticoagulant used to keep IV lines open
- Interferes with thrombin (and therefore fibrin)
- Used for people with DVT to prevent additional clotting
Aspirin & Plavix
, - Anticoagulant medications that make platelets less "sticky"
Lovenox
- Anticoagulant medication that interferes with the formation
of clotting factors
- Is a type of heparin
Warfarin (Coumadin)
- Slow-acting anticoagulant medication
- Blocks the formation of procoagulants that depend on vitamin
K
- Used for people who are prone to forming unnecessary clots
(example: A-Fib)
Thrombus
- A blood clot in an unbroken vessel that stays where it formed
Embolus/ Embolism
- A blood clot, air bubble, piece of fat, or other object that's
moved by the blood from where it's formed and blocks a vessel
somewhere else
DVT
- “Deep Vein Thrombosis”
- A stationary clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs
- Can be caused by inactivity, long plane/car rides, genetics,
pregnancy, birth control, trauma
Complete Solutions
Procoagulants
- Promotes coagulation
- Examples: Clotting factors, prothrombin activator,
prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin
- Balanced with anticoagulants
Clot Retraction
- Starts about 1 hour after formation of a clot and continues for
hours (depending on size of the clot)
- Platelets (in the fibrin mesh) contain actin and myosin proteins
that contract to close up the tear and retract the clot
- Platelets also release growth factors to speed up vessel
growth/repair
Fibrinolysis
- The breakdown of fibrin for tissue repair to begin
- Process starts about 2 days after a clot is formed
- Plasminogen (inactive plasmin) accumulates in the clot as it
forms
- Nearby endothelial cells release Tissue Plasminogen Activator
- Plasmin (a protein-digesting enzyme) dissolves the fibrin mesh
- Process is gradual to avoid creating an embolus
,tPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator)
- Activates plasminogen to become plasmin
- Released from endothelial cells
- There's a man-made tPA given for ischemic stroke or heart
attack to quickly dissolve a clot
Endothelial Cells
- Cells that make up the inner lining of blood vessels
(endothelium)
- They release tPA
Anticoagulants (natural)
- Against coagulation
- Balanced with procoagulants
Natural anticoagulants:
1. Smooth vessel walls and positive charge of the endothelium
- Keeps platelets from sticking unnecessarily
2. Blood flow dilutes procoagulants
3. Anticoagulant chemicals in the blood
Heparin (medication)
- Fast-acting anticoagulant used to keep IV lines open
- Interferes with thrombin (and therefore fibrin)
- Used for people with DVT to prevent additional clotting
Aspirin & Plavix
, - Anticoagulant medications that make platelets less "sticky"
Lovenox
- Anticoagulant medication that interferes with the formation
of clotting factors
- Is a type of heparin
Warfarin (Coumadin)
- Slow-acting anticoagulant medication
- Blocks the formation of procoagulants that depend on vitamin
K
- Used for people who are prone to forming unnecessary clots
(example: A-Fib)
Thrombus
- A blood clot in an unbroken vessel that stays where it formed
Embolus/ Embolism
- A blood clot, air bubble, piece of fat, or other object that's
moved by the blood from where it's formed and blocks a vessel
somewhere else
DVT
- “Deep Vein Thrombosis”
- A stationary clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs
- Can be caused by inactivity, long plane/car rides, genetics,
pregnancy, birth control, trauma
