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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33 AM Ex
Microbiology Exam 2
1. An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a _________.
a. source
b. carrier
c. fomite
d. reservoir
e. vector
2. When would Koch's postulates be utilized?
a. Whenever the scientific method cannot be used to investigate a microbiological
problem
b. Determination of the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab
c. Determination of the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab
d. Development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab
e. Formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab
3. Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of
_________.
a. a syndrome
b. latency
c. inflammation
d. sequelae
e. toxemia
4. Enterotoxins are _________.
a. virulence factors
b. proteins
c. All of the choices are correct.
d. exotoxins
e. toxins that target the intestines
5. Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host
to host are _________.
a. fomites
b. droplet nuclei
c. mechanical vectors
d. aerosols
e. biological vectors
6. Robert Koch is credited with proving the germ theory of disease; that infectious diseases
are caused by specific microorganisms. In developing a series of proofs (Koch's
Postulates), he was able to determine the causative organism of anthrax was the bacteria
Bacillus anthracis. Which of the following statements does not contribute to Koch's
Postulates and the germ theory of disease?
a. Each organism from a polymicrobial infection must be isolated and inoculated
into a single host.
b. The organism must be isolated, purified and characterized from an infected
individual.
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33
Exam
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33 AM Ex
c. The same species of organism must be isolated from the second inoculated
individual.
d. The causative organism must be evidenced in each subject presenting with the
disease manifestations.
e. Inoculating a healthy subject with the isolated organism must result in the
reported disease manifestations.
7. Many researchers believe that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats. Which of the following is
a true statement?
a. Bats do not represent either the source or the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
b. Bats are the reservoir and the major source for SARS-CoV-2 in this pandemic.
c. Bats are the source of most cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
d. Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
Explanation: Bats are the likely reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, but the source for most new
infections was humans in this propagated epidemic.
8. Histamine and serotonin are _________.
a. mediators that increase chemotaxis
b. mediators of B-cell activity
c. fever inducers
d. vasoactive mediators
e. mediators of T-cell activity
9. Components of the first line of defense include all the following except _________.
a. the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin
b. phagocytic white blood cells
c. nasal hairs
d. flushing action of tears and blinking
e. flushing action of urine
10. Plasma _________.
a. is mostly water
b. contains fibrinogen
c. contains albumin and globulins
d. All of the choices are correct.
e. is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended
11. Which of the following is mismatched?
a. Tumor necrosis factor—increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis
b. Interleukin-1—stimulates T-cells and B-cells
c. Histamine—released from mast cells and basophils
d. Interferon alpha and beta—inhibits viral replication
e. Serotonin—discourages immune responses
12. When a cell is infected by a virus, _________ is produced and is secreted from the
infected cell to protect nearby uninfected cells by binding to surface receptors and
initiating synthesis of antiviral proteins.
a. exudate
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33
Exam
AM 2.pdf10/
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33 AM Ex
b. pyrogen
c. interferon
d. interleukin-2
Explanation: Interferons are produced by infected cells but act on uninfected cells to initiate
antiviral proteins to prevent viruses from invading the protected cells.
13. Hematopoiesis is the _________.
a. migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
b. production of only red blood cells
c. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
d. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
e. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
14. Diapedesis is the _________.
a. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
b. production of only red blood cells
c. migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
d. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
e. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
15. Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate
phagocytosis?
a. Agglutination
b. Anamnestic response
c. Complement fixation
d. Opsonization
e. Neutralization
16. Helper T cells _________.
a. suppress immune reactions
b. secrete antibodies
c. directly destroy target cells
d. activate B cells and other T cells
e. function in allergic reactions
17. Which of the following statements is false regarding the development of adaptive
immunity?
a. The second stage in the development of adaptive immunity requires the antigen to
be presented to the T cells on the surface of an APC.
b. The initiation of adaptive immunity involves the development of lymphocytes
with the deletion of cells that would react to self molecules.
c. The fourth stage of adaptive immunity involves the production of antibodies by B
and T cells against the antigen that initiated the response.
d. During the third stage in the development of adaptive immunity, B and T cells are
challenged by the antigen and respond by differentiating and proliferating.
18. Gamma-delta T cells differ from other T cells in that _________.
a. they do not produce memory cells, unlike the T helper and T cytotoxic cells
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33
Exam
AM 2.pdf10/
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33 AM Ex
Microbiology Exam 2
1. An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a _________.
a. source
b. carrier
c. fomite
d. reservoir
e. vector
2. When would Koch's postulates be utilized?
a. Whenever the scientific method cannot be used to investigate a microbiological
problem
b. Determination of the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab
c. Determination of the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab
d. Development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab
e. Formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab
3. Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of
_________.
a. a syndrome
b. latency
c. inflammation
d. sequelae
e. toxemia
4. Enterotoxins are _________.
a. virulence factors
b. proteins
c. All of the choices are correct.
d. exotoxins
e. toxins that target the intestines
5. Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host
to host are _________.
a. fomites
b. droplet nuclei
c. mechanical vectors
d. aerosols
e. biological vectors
6. Robert Koch is credited with proving the germ theory of disease; that infectious diseases
are caused by specific microorganisms. In developing a series of proofs (Koch's
Postulates), he was able to determine the causative organism of anthrax was the bacteria
Bacillus anthracis. Which of the following statements does not contribute to Koch's
Postulates and the germ theory of disease?
a. Each organism from a polymicrobial infection must be isolated and inoculated
into a single host.
b. The organism must be isolated, purified and characterized from an infected
individual.
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33
Exam
AM 2.pdf10/
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33 AM Ex
c. The same species of organism must be isolated from the second inoculated
individual.
d. The causative organism must be evidenced in each subject presenting with the
disease manifestations.
e. Inoculating a healthy subject with the isolated organism must result in the
reported disease manifestations.
7. Many researchers believe that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats. Which of the following is
a true statement?
a. Bats do not represent either the source or the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
b. Bats are the reservoir and the major source for SARS-CoV-2 in this pandemic.
c. Bats are the source of most cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
d. Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
Explanation: Bats are the likely reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, but the source for most new
infections was humans in this propagated epidemic.
8. Histamine and serotonin are _________.
a. mediators that increase chemotaxis
b. mediators of B-cell activity
c. fever inducers
d. vasoactive mediators
e. mediators of T-cell activity
9. Components of the first line of defense include all the following except _________.
a. the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin
b. phagocytic white blood cells
c. nasal hairs
d. flushing action of tears and blinking
e. flushing action of urine
10. Plasma _________.
a. is mostly water
b. contains fibrinogen
c. contains albumin and globulins
d. All of the choices are correct.
e. is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended
11. Which of the following is mismatched?
a. Tumor necrosis factor—increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis
b. Interleukin-1—stimulates T-cells and B-cells
c. Histamine—released from mast cells and basophils
d. Interferon alpha and beta—inhibits viral replication
e. Serotonin—discourages immune responses
12. When a cell is infected by a virus, _________ is produced and is secreted from the
infected cell to protect nearby uninfected cells by binding to surface receptors and
initiating synthesis of antiviral proteins.
a. exudate
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33
Exam
AM 2.pdf10/
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33 AM Ex
b. pyrogen
c. interferon
d. interleukin-2
Explanation: Interferons are produced by infected cells but act on uninfected cells to initiate
antiviral proteins to prevent viruses from invading the protected cells.
13. Hematopoiesis is the _________.
a. migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
b. production of only red blood cells
c. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
d. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
e. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
14. Diapedesis is the _________.
a. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
b. production of only red blood cells
c. migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
d. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
e. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
15. Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate
phagocytosis?
a. Agglutination
b. Anamnestic response
c. Complement fixation
d. Opsonization
e. Neutralization
16. Helper T cells _________.
a. suppress immune reactions
b. secrete antibodies
c. directly destroy target cells
d. activate B cells and other T cells
e. function in allergic reactions
17. Which of the following statements is false regarding the development of adaptive
immunity?
a. The second stage in the development of adaptive immunity requires the antigen to
be presented to the T cells on the surface of an APC.
b. The initiation of adaptive immunity involves the development of lymphocytes
with the deletion of cells that would react to self molecules.
c. The fourth stage of adaptive immunity involves the production of antibodies by B
and T cells against the antigen that initiated the response.
d. During the third stage in the development of adaptive immunity, B and T cells are
challenged by the antigen and respond by differentiating and proliferating.
18. Gamma-delta T cells differ from other T cells in that _________.
a. they do not produce memory cells, unlike the T helper and T cytotoxic cells
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Exam 2.pdf10/20/2026, 4:09:33
Exam
AM 2.pdf10/
