,South University NSG 5003 Week 8 Knowledge Check Quiz
| Adv Pathophysiology (2026) Q&A
1. Which mechanism best explains the oliguria associated with prerenal acute
kidney injury?
A) Tubular necrosis and obstruction
B) Decreased glomerular filtration due to reduced renal perfusion
C) Bladder outlet obstruction
D) Glomerular basement membrane inflammation
Correct Answer: Decreased glomerular filtration due to reduced renal perfusion
Rationale: Prerenal acute kidney injury results from diminished renal blood
flow, which reduces glomerular hydrostatic pressure and filtration rate, causing
oliguria. Tubular necrosis is characteristic of intrinsic injury, bladder outlet
obstruction is postrenal, and glomerular inflammation suggests
glomerulonephritis rather than prerenal injury.
2. Which finding is most consistent with acute tubular necrosis?
A) Elevated BUN-to-creatinine ratio with normal urinalysis
B) Muddy brown casts in the urine sediment
C) Clear urine with low specific gravity
D) Sterile pyuria
Correct Answer: Muddy brown casts in the urine sediment
,Rationale: Acute tubular necrosis causes sloughing of necrotic tubular epithelial
cells, which form muddy brown granular casts in the urine. A high BUN-to-
creatinine ratio suggests prerenal injury, clear dilute urine suggests diabetes
insipidus, and sterile pyuria suggests interstitial nephritis.
3. Which type of acute kidney injury is caused by obstruction of urine flow?
A) Prerenal
B) Intrarenal
C) Postrenal
D) Intrinsic
Correct Answer: Postrenal
Rationale: Postrenal acute kidney injury results from obstruction anywhere
along the urinary tract, such as stones, tumors, or prostatic hyperplasia, causing
backpressure and impaired filtration. Prerenal injury is due to hypoperfusion, and
intrarenal or intrinsic injury involves damage to the kidney parenchyma.
4. What is the primary mechanism of nephrotic syndrome?
A) Inflammatory destruction of glomerular capillaries
B) Increased glomerular permeability to plasma proteins
C) Ischemic necrosis of renal tubules
D) Interstitial fibrosis
Correct Answer: Increased glomerular permeability to plasma proteins
, Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by heavy proteinuria due to increased
permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier to proteins, leading to
hypoalbuminemia and edema. Inflammatory capillary destruction occurs in
nephritic syndromes, tubular necrosis in acute tubular necrosis, and interstitial
fibrosis in chronic kidney disease.
5. Which finding is most characteristic of nephritic syndrome?
A) Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
B) Hypoalbuminemia and edema
C) Hematuria with red blood cell casts
D) Hyperlipidemia
Correct Answer: Hematuria with red blood cell casts
Rationale: Nephritic syndrome results from glomerular inflammation, causing
hematuria and red blood cell casts, along with hypertension and oliguria. Heavy
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia are features of nephrotic
syndrome.
6. Which immune mechanism is responsible for acute poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis?
A) IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
B) Deposition of circulating immune complexes in glomeruli
C) Direct T-cell cytotoxicity
D) Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Correct Answer: Deposition of circulating immune complexes in glomeruli
| Adv Pathophysiology (2026) Q&A
1. Which mechanism best explains the oliguria associated with prerenal acute
kidney injury?
A) Tubular necrosis and obstruction
B) Decreased glomerular filtration due to reduced renal perfusion
C) Bladder outlet obstruction
D) Glomerular basement membrane inflammation
Correct Answer: Decreased glomerular filtration due to reduced renal perfusion
Rationale: Prerenal acute kidney injury results from diminished renal blood
flow, which reduces glomerular hydrostatic pressure and filtration rate, causing
oliguria. Tubular necrosis is characteristic of intrinsic injury, bladder outlet
obstruction is postrenal, and glomerular inflammation suggests
glomerulonephritis rather than prerenal injury.
2. Which finding is most consistent with acute tubular necrosis?
A) Elevated BUN-to-creatinine ratio with normal urinalysis
B) Muddy brown casts in the urine sediment
C) Clear urine with low specific gravity
D) Sterile pyuria
Correct Answer: Muddy brown casts in the urine sediment
,Rationale: Acute tubular necrosis causes sloughing of necrotic tubular epithelial
cells, which form muddy brown granular casts in the urine. A high BUN-to-
creatinine ratio suggests prerenal injury, clear dilute urine suggests diabetes
insipidus, and sterile pyuria suggests interstitial nephritis.
3. Which type of acute kidney injury is caused by obstruction of urine flow?
A) Prerenal
B) Intrarenal
C) Postrenal
D) Intrinsic
Correct Answer: Postrenal
Rationale: Postrenal acute kidney injury results from obstruction anywhere
along the urinary tract, such as stones, tumors, or prostatic hyperplasia, causing
backpressure and impaired filtration. Prerenal injury is due to hypoperfusion, and
intrarenal or intrinsic injury involves damage to the kidney parenchyma.
4. What is the primary mechanism of nephrotic syndrome?
A) Inflammatory destruction of glomerular capillaries
B) Increased glomerular permeability to plasma proteins
C) Ischemic necrosis of renal tubules
D) Interstitial fibrosis
Correct Answer: Increased glomerular permeability to plasma proteins
, Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by heavy proteinuria due to increased
permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier to proteins, leading to
hypoalbuminemia and edema. Inflammatory capillary destruction occurs in
nephritic syndromes, tubular necrosis in acute tubular necrosis, and interstitial
fibrosis in chronic kidney disease.
5. Which finding is most characteristic of nephritic syndrome?
A) Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
B) Hypoalbuminemia and edema
C) Hematuria with red blood cell casts
D) Hyperlipidemia
Correct Answer: Hematuria with red blood cell casts
Rationale: Nephritic syndrome results from glomerular inflammation, causing
hematuria and red blood cell casts, along with hypertension and oliguria. Heavy
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia are features of nephrotic
syndrome.
6. Which immune mechanism is responsible for acute poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis?
A) IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
B) Deposition of circulating immune complexes in glomeruli
C) Direct T-cell cytotoxicity
D) Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Correct Answer: Deposition of circulating immune complexes in glomeruli
